LUMBERING IN PINE REGION OF CALIFORNIA. 31 
minutes, divided as follows: Outhaul 3, hooking three-fourths, inhaul 
3i, hungup 4f , block one-half, and landing three-fourths minutes. A 
compound geared machine under the same conditions, yarding from 
900 to 1,000 feet, made an average turn in 8| minutes, as follows: 
Outhaul 2 1, hooking one-half, inhaul 3 J, hungup 1J, block one-half, 
and landing 1 minute. Delays waiting for steam brought the average 
up to 11 or 12 minutes. A 10 by 12 inch tandem drum machine, 
yarding from 700 to 800 feet on fair ground in large timber, with 
two bull blocks, averaged a turn in 13| minutes, as follows: Outhaul 
l\, hooking 1J, inhaul 2\, hungup 4f, first lead block l\, main lead 
block three-fourths, and landing 1 minute. A 11 by 13 inch yarder 
in a fairly rough country averaged 14 minutes to a turn on a down- 
hill haul of 1,500 feet. A similar machine hauling uphill 800 feet 
averaged 10 minutes per turn. An addition of 500 feet increased the 
average time by 10 minutes. Usually the average time required at 
a lead block is about one-half minute under favorable, three-fourths 
minute under normal, 1 minute under difficult, and 1| minutes under 
very difficult conditions. The time required to change a choker, on 
a log hungup behind a tree or stump, ordinarily varies from 1 to 1^ 
minutes. 
The type of donkeys selected depends upon the character of the 
timber and ground. The Dolbeer is apparently going out of use, 
because labor is too great a factor in its operation and its maximum 
yarding distance is too short. Small compound machines are pre- 
ferred in small rather light timber where the maximum yarding dis- 
tance is short. Medium-sized machines are used in larger timber 
under similar conditions. Slightly larger engines are adopted in 
localities where the chance is more difficult and the yarding distance 
longer. The largest yarders are used where it is desired to haul 
extra long distances both up and down hill and over all obstacles. 
Compound geared machines carry less cable than the tandem drum 
type. The tandem drum machines can also be used as roaders, if 
occasion demands. As a rule, the smaller yarders, with shorter 
lines, do more satisfactory work upon National Forest timber sale 
areas. 
Operators are finding it an economy to construct more logging 
spurs and thus shorten the yarding distance. Hauling logs in double 
and triple lengths and bucking at the yarder or mill pond greatly 
increases yarding efficiency, if the work is well arranged. The longer 
sections decrease the time of hooking in the woods, follow the run 
better, hang up less, and yield more in scale feet, board measure, per 
turn. A machine should average 5,000 more daily hauling long logs 
than short logs. More powerful machines are required, however. 
Wood is the universal fuel for yarders. Oil burning is not at- 
tempted, because of the difficulty of delivering oil at the machines. 
