LUMBERING IN PINE REGION OF CALIFORNIA. 35 
and several tolleys will undoubtedly be used ultimately in bringing 
smaller timber down from considerable elevations; for example, red 
fir for pulpwood. 
CHUTE HAULING BY HORSES. 
With one exception, chute hauling by horses is used only by firms 
with small capital. The chutes frequently extend from the woods to 
the sawmill and may be as much as 8,000 or 10,000 feet in length. 
A horse chute is constructed in much the same manner as a donkey 
chute, but it is lighter and need not be as strong. The poles used are 
cut either 50 or 60 feet in length, about 8 or 9 inches on the small 
end, and as large as 16 inches on the butt end. They are laid in two 
parallel rows about 5 inches apart, the ends being notched and joined. 
The inner surfaces are then hewed off, in such a manner as to make the 
width at the top 16 inches and at the bottom 8 inches. A rough road 
must be provided alongside the chute for the team. All grades must 
be toward the landing, the minimum advisable being about 5 per cent. 
The more steeper grades there are, the less chute grease and the fewer 
horses per team will be needed. The maximum grade employed is 
about 35 per cent. Logs which have been greased above will run on 
grades over 30 per cent. 
A typical chute-building crew consists of five men and a foreman, 
with two axmen cutting poles and hewing. The daily cost, including 
stumpage for the fir poles, is approximately $28. Under rather diffi- 
cult conditions this crew builds 200 feet of chute per day, at a cost of 
14 cents per foot. The cost will on the whole range from 10 to 15 
cents per linear foot, or from $530 to $795 per mile. 
The customary team consists of eight horses. The number of 
teams required depends upon the length of the chute and the amount 
of low grade. The logs are yarded into the chute and made into 
trains of from 6 to 12 logs each. The team is hitched to the last log 
but one in the train and the last two logs are dogged together. 
The amount hauled daily in a representative chute about 1^ miles 
in length, with two long flats of 5 per cent grade, is about 40,000 feet. 
Two 8-horse teams, each with a teamster, are required. The rest of 
the crew consists of a man at the lower end of the chute and two 
chute greasers, one of whom shovels frogs. The daily cost is about 
$40. This is a cost of $1 per 1,000, exclusive of maintenance and 
grease. On another representative chute about 1 mile in length two 
8-horse teams handle about 60,000 feet. A driver and greaser are 
required with each team. The daily cost is about $39, or 65 cents 
per 1,000. On another chute something over a mile in length with 
two branches and a steep pitch in the middle, three 8-horse teams are 
used. One team is used on each branch and the third works between 
the foot of the steep grade and the landing. The daily cost is approxi- 
mately $58. At 50,000 feet daily the cost is $1.16 per 1,000; at 
60,000 daily it is 96 cents per 1,000. 
