LUMBERING IN PINE REGION OF CALIFORNIA. 39 
at curves. Corrugated rollers 8 inches in diameter and 12 inches long 
are listed at $9 each, and ground rollers 4 inches in diameter and 12 
inches in length at $4.50 each. Trip-line blocks similar to those used 
in yarding are required for the back line, and a large tailblock is 
placed at the outer end of the line. 
Operation. — The bull donkey or roader is stationed at the landing 
on the logging railroad. A second roader or swing bull may be 
located farther out along a chute which is very long, crosses over a 
ridge, or has as many as five yarders. Each bull donkey has a sepa- 
rate crew and main and back lines. The line from the donkey at 
the landing extends only as far as the swing donkey. 
The yarding donkeys are stationed at various points along the 
chute, usually moving farther out as each setting is completed. A 
so-called frog is built in the chute at each yarder setting, and the 
logs are pulled into the chute by the yarder. When several yarders 
are working on a chute, a branch must be built at each setting for 
making up trails. If the timber is logged in long lengths,- the steam- 
saw bucking is done in the chute at the yarder. 
When enough logs are collected in the chute at a yarder to make a 
trail, the last two logs are dogged together and the outer end of the 
main line is attached to the next to the last log. Either double 
chain-grab hooks or a choker are used for this purpose. The latter 
is preferred for difficult hauls. The trail of logs is then pulled into 
the landing. The size of the trail depends upon the grade of the chute 
and the size of the donkey. For downhill hauls the trail usually 
contains from 10 to 16 logs, or from 5,000 to 7,000 board feet. On 
a very heavy uphill the average trail is from seven to nine logs, or 
from 4,000 to 5,000 feet. The heavier donkeys now being intro- 
duced should handle larger trails on downhill chutes. 
As a general rule, the more yarders on a chute, the cheaper the 
hauling. Some firms, usually those using chutes infrequently, place 
but one yarder on a chute and thereby incur an unnecessarily heavy 
cost for chute hauling. The only excuse for such a layout is a very 
short chute with only one or two settings on it. On a downhill 
chute under 4,000 feet in length with a yarder averaging about 30,000 
feet b. m. daily, the crew is as follows: One lineman, 1 bellhop, 1 
engineer, and 1 fireman. The bellhop does what greasing is neces- 
sary and the lineman does the dogging. Only six trips need to be 
made daily, which allows considerable time for resting. The daily 
labor cost is about $12.80. Wood is furnished by one man and a 
horse, and water is pumped to both machines. Exclusive of cables 
and chute grease, the average cost per 1,000 feet is about as follows: 
Operation, 43 cents; fuel, 11 cents; water, 6 cents; maintenance, 
12 cents; total, 72 cents per 1,000. 
