LUMBERING IN PINE REGION OF CALIFORNIA. 41 
average amount hauled daily is 110,000 and the cost for grease about 
4 cents per 1,000. On the other hand, a chute 4,000 feet long, with 
an average adverse grade of 21 per cent and one pitch of 60 per cent, 
requires four-fifths of a barrel daily for an output of 50,000. The 
cost is about 14 cents per 1,000. An allowance of 5 cents per 1,000 
for chute grease is ample for most chute logging in this region. 
DONKEY ENGINE ROADING. 
Koading with donkeys on dirt roads is rare, and when used is 
really a form of double yarding. It is sometimes employed to reach 
a body of timber too far away for single yarding but not large enough 
to warrant the construction of a spur or chute. A yarder is placed 
in the timber and a roading engine stationed at the nearest landing 
to haul the logs from the yarder to the track. The logs are hauled 
in the same manner as they are yarded, either singly or two abreast. 
One roader can serve but a single yarder and the cost is similar to 
yarding except that the crew is smaller. 
A representative roader hauling 30,000 daily, a distance of from 
1,600 to 2,000 feet, requires a crew of an engineer, fireman, lineman, 
blocktender, and whistlepunk. The daily labor cost is $15, or 50 
cents per 1,000. Fuel and water cost about $5 per day, mainte- 
nance of donkey and tools about 16 cents per 1,000, and cable main- 
tenance about 12 cents per 1,000. The total cost under the conditions 
given is approximately 94 cents per 1,000. 
FROM LANDING TO MILL. 
LOADING. 
Logs are sent to the mill on log cars, or on trucks, either horse or 
traction hauled. In general, the operation of loading is the same for 
trucks as for cars. The simplest method is by hand. It requires 
small logs and a high landing. This method is infrequently used for 
loading on railroad cars at the lower end of a chute. In timber 
averaging five logs per 1,000, six men with peavies may average 
50,000 daily at an average cost of 33 cents per 1,000. The only 
equipment needed is the peavies, which cost about $18 per dozen. 
The system of loading termed the "crosshaul" is widely used in 
truck logging, and sometimes for loading cars. The logs are rolled 
up skids and onto the truck by means of a chain or cable pulled by a 
team on the opposite side of the truck. The free end of the cable is 
fastened to the truck or to the load by a hook and the log is rolled 
up in the bight. In truck logging the loading is usually done by the 
truck teamster with a pair of leaders or by the bunch teamster with 
the bunching team. Thus it is rather difficult to separate the cost 
from that of bunching or of truck hauling. Ordinarily, for moderate 
sized logs this cost should be about 30 or 35 cents per 1,000. This 
system is used in one instance under favorable conditions with a 
