LUMBERING IN PINE REGION OF CALIFORNIA. 45 
average 40,000 per day. Four trips are made with an average load 
of between 1,600 and 1,700 feet. The daily cost is about $80, or $2 
per 1,000. The cost of upkeep ranges from 8 to 12 cents per 1,000. 
TRUCK HAULING WITH TRACTION ENGINES. 
Truck hauling with traction engines is used at some small circular 
mills and at one single-band mill in this region. It does not require 
any outlay for track, but this is often more than offset by the im- 
possibility of using the engines in wet weather. A rainy sunimer 
season will raise havoc with such a logging operation. On the whole, 
tractions are adapted to truck hauls too long xor horses. 
The roads required are like those used for horse hauling, except 
that the roadbed is wider. The cost is consequently greater. Upon 
a 20 per cent slope the cost of construction, excepting rockwork, is 
from $625 to $875 per mile. Damp or soft places must be corduroyed 
with poles. 
A common type of traction engine in use for logging is a 110 horse- 
power road engine, which costs about $5,000 f. o. b. factory. The 
fuel may be either wood or oil. The boiler is vertical in order that 
the engine may be used on heavy grades. The weight of the engine is 
about 17 tons. The outside width of the driving wheels is 9 feet 7 
inches, and the width of each wheel is 26 inches. Another engine 
used is a gasoline engine of the caterpillar type, designed for soft 
ground. The cost of this 75-horsepower tractor is about $4,500 
f. o. b. factory. Its weight is 22,700 pounds and its width is 8 feet. 
Two kinds of trucks are used with traction engines. One is four 
wheeled with either wooden or steel wheels. The common size has 
bunks 9 feet wide, spaced 10 feet apart center to center. The wheels 
are 4 feet 4 inches in diameter and the outside tread is 7 feet. One of 
these trucks with steel wheels costs about $800 f. o. b. factory. The 
other type is of all steel construction and has only three wheels, one 
in the middle at the front. It is rated at 10 tons capacity, as against 
16 tons capacity for the four-wheeled trucks. 
A typical traction logging operation furnishes logs for a single-band 
mill in the eastern Sierras. The length of the haul varies from 2 J to 
3 miles. The maximum adverse grade loaded is 2 per cent; and 
empty, 14 per cent. Two wood-burning traction engines make two 
trips each daily with three four-wheeled trucks. The average truck 
load is 5,000 feet of logs, a daily output of 60,000. The crew of each 
engine consists of one engineer, one fireman, and one brakeman, at a 
daily cost of $14.25. Approximately 4 cords of slabwood are required 
daily per engine. A cord is worth about $2 per 1,000 at the mill, 
making a total fuel cost of $16 per day for both engines. Oil and 
grease amount to $1,10 daily per engine. Repairs to engines and 
