LUMBERING IN PINE REGION OF CALIFORNIA. 
55 
cisco is approximately $2.05 per hundredweight. The weights of 
angle bars for three typical weights of rail are as follows: 
Weight 
of rail. 
Per 
joint. 
Per mile. 
Pounds. 
35 
45 
60 
Pounds. 
12.65 
18.75 
32.40 
Pounds. 
4,450 
6,600 
11,400 
Four bolts and nuts are required at each rail joint. They come 
in kegs of 200 pounds each, at a price f. o. b. San Francisco of about 
$2.65 per hundredweight. With hexagonal nuts the quantity 
required per mile is as follows: 
Weight of 
rail. 
Size of bolt. 
Number 
of nuts 
in a keg. 
Kegs per 
mile. 
Pounds. 
35 
40-45 
50 and up 
Inches. 
2| by | 
3byf 
3 to 3£ by | 
410 
395 
245-270 
3.4 
3.6 
5.2-5.7 
The cost of standard-size railroad spikes, 5J by ^ inches, f. o. b. 
San Francisco, is approximately $2 per hundred weight, or $4 per keg 
of 200 pounds. The bulk of the spikes used are of this size, though 
smaller sizes are used for light rails on narrow-gauge lines. The 
average number of kegs required per mile is about as follows: 
Weight 
of rails. 
Size of 
spikes. 
Number 
of spikes 
per keg. 
Kegs per 
mile. 
Pounds. 
45-90 
40-56 
30-45 
Inches. 
5|byA 
5 by^r 
4|byJ 
375 
400 
530 
2S-30 
27 
20 
Both stub and split switches are used in this region. The better 
lines are now using the latter type. Two-way split switches with 
ground throw cost about $40 each, and the installation costs about 
$12. A stand costs $15 additional. A three-throw switch costs 
about $60. 
The track laying is usually done by hand. The custom is to deliver 
the ties and rails at the point of construction on flat cars with a 
locomotive. The track-laying crew then carries the ties ahead, 
places them in position, and lays the rails by hand. As the work 
progresses, fresh supplies of ties and rails are moved ahead on a push 
car. The same crew which lays the track commonly does the sur- 
facing, and the costs are commonly reckoned together. 
