60 BULLETIN 440, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
work in excess of this period. On long runs or heavy grades this 
crew may be increased by a second brakeman, thus adding from 
S3 to S3. 50 to the daily cost. Where there are several crews the 
services of a dispatcher are required. 
On account of the danger of setting fires with sparks from wood, 
the common fuel for locomotives is oil. Burning oil also renders a 
locomotive somewhat more efficient than when wood is used. Oil 
is also easier to handle and saves considerable time. The amount 
consumed daily depends upon the size of the locomotives and the 
resistance of the road. For example, a 35-ton rod engine on a 12-mile 
main-line haul, with grades of 1 per cent loaded and 2h per cent 
empty, consumes 10 barrels daily. A 70-ton engine on a 10-mile 
main-line haul, with grades of 2 per cent loaded and 5 per cent 
empty, consumes 20 barrels daily. The present cost of fuel oil 
delivered at the various logging railroads in California ranges from 
$1.10 to $1. 30 per barrel. A good figure for estimating fuel costs is 
$1.20 per barrel. 
Where fuel oil is not obtainable at a reasonable cost, which is 
usually at mills with lumber flumes, wood must be used — either slab 
wood or split white fir. The cost is from $1.75 to $2.25 per cord, 
besides the time spent in loading it on the tender. A 42-ton geared 
locomotive working fairly hard requires about 7 cords per day. 
Thus it appears, ehminating the extra efficiency of oil and loss of 
time on the part of the train crew, that the daily cost is much the 
same. One operator whose wood costs $2.50 per cord calculates 
that he saves $1.50 daily on a 35-ton locomotive, and states that the 
oil-burning locomotive handles 16 cars and a wood burner but 14. 
The expense chargeable to railroad transportation of logs, in 
addition to train labor and fuel, includes the cost of lubricating oil 
and waste, upkeep of locomotives and cars, and upkeep of the road- 
bed. Sometimes unloading is also included. The minimum expense, 
even for the shortest hauls, is from 35 to 50 cents per 1,000. The 
cost on a 5-mile haul where one locomotive and crew is employed 
to get out 60,000 daily is approximately 60 cents per 1,000, divided 
into 32 cents for labor and fuel, 12 cents for maintenance of way, 
11 cents for repairs to rolling stock, and 5 cents for oil, waste, and 
supplies. 
The cost for one haul of from 14 to 16 miles with favorable grades 
and good roadbed is 84 cents per 1,000, approximately as follows: 
Train labor, 20 cents; fuel, 14 cents; maintenance of way, 23 cents; 
supplies, 3 cents; inspection and maintenance of equipment, 24 
cents per 1,000. Two oil-burning locomotives are required for a 
daily output of 160,000. Upon a difficult 12-mile main-line haul two 
geared locomotives move 280,000 daily at a cost of 94 cents per 1,000 
as follows: Labor and dispatching, 22 cents; fuel, 18 cents; oil, waste, 
