LUMBERING IN PINE REGION OF CALIFORNIA. 61 
etc., 2 cents; labor for maintenance of way, 18 cents; supplies for 
maintenance of way, 8 cents; repairs to locomotives, 17 cents; and 
repairs to cars, 9 cents per 1,000. 
In general, under normal conditions the total cost of railroading, 
including maintenance, is approximately as follows: From 50 to 60 
cents per 1,000 for from 4 to 5 miles, from 70 to 80 cents per 1,000 
for from 7 to 10 miles, from 80 cents to $1 per 1,000 for from 10 to 16 
miles, from $1 to $1.20 per 1,000 for from 18 to 22 miles, and from 
$1.30 to $1.50 per 1,000 for from 25 to 35 miles. 
Very few rates for hauling pine logs in California have been estab- 
lished on common-carrier railroads. Three such representative rates 
are: 30 miles, $1.55 per 1,000; 45 miles, $2 per 1,000; and 50 miles, 
$1.50 per 1,000. The first two are rather high and the last is very 
reasonable. Equipment is furnished by the carriers in all three 
instances. 
Maintenance. — The maintenance of a logging railroad is divided 
into maintenance of rolling stock and maintenance of way. The up- 
keep of equipment begins with car inspection. While each train- 
load of logs is being unloaded at the mill the cars are inspected. 
Small repairs are made immediately, and cars in bad order are 
switched to the car shop. For a double-band mill the usual inspec- 
tion crew consists of two men who work between times in the car 
shop. Where the number of cars is larger than common, or repairs 
are extra heavy, a third man is required in the car shop. The upkeep 
of trucks appears to be more than the cost of repairing flats. 
Repairs to locomotives and ironwork are made in the blacksmith 
and machine shops maintained at the mill. For a double-band opera- 
tion, the common crew in the blacksmith shop is two men, and the 
machine shop crew is three or four men. In addition to repairs on 
railway equipment, the machine shop handles both sawmill and heavy 
donkey repairs. The locomotives are usually brought into the shop 
in winter and more or less thoroughly overhauled. The cost of main- 
taining railway equipment depends upon the efficiency of the equip- 
ment and the length and severity of the haul. Under ordinary con- 
ditions it may be said to average from 15 to 25 cents per 1,000. 
The principal part of maintenance of way is the labor of section 
crews. The customary crew consists of a foreman and four work- 
men at a daily cost of $13.50. Usually such a crew can keep from 
7 to 10 miles of track in satisfactory order. Two crews are required 
to keep up a 14-mile line; with a daily output of 160,000 the cost is 
17 cents per 1,000 and with an output of 220,000 it is 12 cents per 
1,000. With the exception of a small expenditure for tools and rail 
fastenings, the rest of the cost of track maintenance is for tie replace- 
ment. Fir ties used on spurs last three or four years and can be 
