LUMBERING IN PINE REGION OF CALIFORNIA. 65 
boys. One operation, with work divided into two camps and a 
daily output of 240,000, has the following force: One superintendent 
at $3,500 per annum, two camp bosses at $200 per month, 2 time- 
keepers at $70 per month, 2 watchmen at $40 per month. The 
daily cost, including board, is $46.50, which is equivalent to 19 
cents per 1,000. A representative operation of 150,000 daily, with 
its work divided into two camps, has the following force: One super- 
intendent at $3,000 per year, 1 camp boss at $150 per month, 1 camp 
boss at $125 per month, 1 timekeeper at $70 per month, and 2 watch- 
men at $40 per month. The daily cost, including board, is $34.60, 
which is equivalent to 23 cents per 1,000. 
Another operation, with its work divided into three camps and a 
daily output of 500,000, has the following force: One superintendent 
at $4,000 per annum, 1 camp boss at $1,900 per annum, 2 camp bosses 
at $1,445 per annum, 3 timekeepers at $70 per month, 3 scalers at 
$75 per month, 4 watchmen at $40 per month, and 3 chore boys at 
$40 per month. The daily cost, including board, is $114.70, which 
is equivalent to 23 cents per 1,000. Calculated in the same manner, 
the cost for one representative operation, turning out 225,000 daily, 
is 23 cents and for another operation, turning out 160,000 daily, 
is 21 cents per 1,000. These figures should be increased by from 
3 to 4 cents per 1,000 for work done by the railroad engineer not 
chargeable to construction, and other like expenses. Thus, the 
cost of woods supervision for large logging operations in California 
pine timber ranges from 22 to 27 cents per 1,000. On small horse- 
logging jobs the cost is generally the salary of a woods foreman or 
part of the time of the operator. 
PART III. MANUFACTURE. 
MILL POND. 
Practically all sawmills in this region with a daily capacity of 
over 20,000 have log ponds. A few circular mills of 35,000 capacity 
or less do not have ponds, because of the impossibility of getting 
sufficient water at a reasonable cost.^ Mill ponds are almost indis- 
pensable for larger operations. They provide a cheap method of 
storing logs ahead against possible interruptions of logging opera- 
tions or for extension of the milling season in the fall. In addition, 
they furnish the most economical means of delivering a continuous 
supply of logs from the railroad to the mill deck. Logs can be sorted 
as desired and a continuous run may be made of any species or 
grade. Immersion of logs in ponds tends to wash off dirt and gravel 
accumulated during logging and to leach out pitch and sap. 
Ponds may be secured at mill sites by utilizing natural lakes or 
by damming small creeks or ravines, Where the mill site is on a 
57172°— Bull. 440—17 5 
