LUMBERING IN PINE REGION OF CALIFORNIA. 69 
These charges are judged, however, to be from 25 to 40 cents per 
1,000 in addition to the above labor cost. The cost of sawing is thus 
from $2 to $2.15 per 1,000. 
At mills of this size the grading and sorting is not so intensive as 
at large mills. The lumber is commonly partially sorted as it is 
loaded upon yard cars by two men, one of whom does the grading. 
The daily wages for this crew are about $6.50, or 27 cents per 1,000. 
Thus the cost of sawing and loading on cars ready for yard delivery 
is commonly from $2.25 to $2.50 per 1,000. Some mills efficiently 
managed do it for $2 per 1,000; others require $2 per 1,000 for saw- 
ing without maintenance. 
LARGE CIRCULAR MILLS. 
The large circular mills are commonly single mills owned by small 
operators. They are well adapted to logging chances not large enough 
for the investment involved in a band mill. For larger chances they 
generally can not compete with band mills on account of greater 
sawing cost and greater waste in sawing. Practically all the double 
mills started with circular saws have been changed into band mills. 
Large circular mills are usually built to cut from 30,000 to 45,000 
feet of lumber in a 10-hour day. When they are working well during 
the middle of the summer season the average output is generally 
about 40,000 or 41,000 per day. However, the output at both ends 
of the season is not quite so large, and a fair seasonal average is about 
38,000 daily. The increase in output over that of the small circular 
mills is due to greater power and heavier and more efficient equip- 
ment. 
A representative mill of this capacity is usually equipped with a 
chute or a log car operated by a cable and a single-geared log jacker 
for hoisting logs into the mill. The log deck has a log stop and 
loader, a steam nigger, and an overhead turner. The carriage may 
have either two or three head blocks and be either steam or cable 
feed. The set works are usually operated by hand. The saws are 
circular and two in number, one being placed directly over the other. 
The diameter of the lower saw when new is usually 58 inches. Some 
plants have inserted-tooth saws, but most operators prefer solid-tooth 
saws because of the smaller kerf. A filer must be added to the crew 
when solid-tooth saws are used. 
Beginning at the saw frame, a series of dead rolls extends to the 
rear of the mill. Beside these rolls is located a gang edger, ordinarily 
about 52 inches wide, with four saws. The trimmer is located at one 
side still farther toward the rear of the mill. It may be of the gang 
type with seven saws or of the adjustable type with two or three 
saws sliding on a shaft. Some mills of this type which have a market 
for slab wood are also equipped with a three-saw slasher. 
