4 BULLETIN 952, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
grape seed can be used as a fodder, but apparently only for shcep. 
It is also noted that the Austrian Ministry of Commerce (1) called 
attention to the use of grape seed as a raw material for the produc- 
tion of oil, oil cake, and meal, the latter to be used as a stock food. 
In 1917 Matignon and Marchal (9), in addition to investigating 
grape pulp for fertilizer and food value, called attention to the pos- 
sible fuel value of this waste, which, from the wine industry of 
France, would be equivalent to 160,000 tons of coal. In 1918 Ventre 
(20) further called attention to the utilization of grape seeds in 
France for the extraction of edible oil. In 1915 Dawson (3) re- 
. ported on the manufacture of oil from grape seeds in Argentina. 
AVAILABLE QUANTITY OF GRAPE WASTE. 
In order to estimate the available quantity of waste resulting from 
the manufacture of grape juice, questionnaires were sent to manu- 
facturers in the grape belt, extending from Michigan across upper 
Ohio and into central New York. The figures submitted gave the 
tonnage of grapes crushed from 1914 to 1918, inclusive, and from 
these an average has been taken to represent the quantity which may 
be expected annually. 
The waste consists of stems and pomace, the latter hehne made up 
of the skins and seeds. The stems are calculated as 3 per cent of the 
original grapes and the pomace as 20 per cent. The skins consti- 
tute about 75 per cent of the wet pomace (containing 50 per cent of 
moisture) and the seed 25 per cent. From these calculations the 
following figures were obtained, which may be taken as representing 
the approximate quantities of the waste materials which result 
annually from the grape-juice industry in the grape belt under 
consideration: 
Tons 
Total quantity of grapes crushed = = = ee 
Stems «3: per cent of the erapes ) = 2 aS eee 660 
Wet pomace (20 per cent of the grapes) 8 Ais ee AA 
Skins*(75: per cent, of the wet pomiace)= 22) ) 3, 300 
Seed -(25 per cent-of the wet pomace)_=— = “= = 2 1, 100 
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS OBTAINABLE FROM GRAPE WASTE. 
The stems, which occur as the first by-product, contain cream of 
tartar and tannin, both of which may be obtained in the same oper- 
ation. | 
The pomace, which constitutes the second and larger portion of 
the waste, consists of skins and seeds in about equal parts when dry. 
From the skins, which contain much flavor, color, and pectin, a 
palatable jelly can be made. From the seeds can be obtained oil, 
meal, and tannin extract, the most important of which is perhaps the 
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