ECONOMIC SURVEYS OF COUNTY HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT. 57 
at $12 per week. These report to the county superintendent, who 
is supplied with an automobile furnished by the county board of 
- supervisors, and directly supervises all engineering, construction, 
and maintenance work on county roads. 
CONSTRUCTION COSTs. 
Previous te 1910, all State and county highways in Franklin 
County were constructed of plain water-bound macadam. In1910-11 
the bituminous-macadam penetration method was used on State and 
county highways. The width between ditch lines on State highways 
is 32 feet, the road surface is 16 feet, and the depth of material is 
6 inches. County highways are 26 to 28 feet between ditches, with 
the macadam 14 feet wide and 6 inches thick. 
_ The stone-surfaced county roads built from bond-issue funds were 
surfaced to a width of 10 feet and to a depth of 6 inches, and the 
gravel roads to 12 feet in width and 7 inches in depth. The average 
width of county roads between ditch lines is 22 feet. 
The town highways are usually surfaced with gravel to a widch of 
9or10feet. The average cost per mile of the various classes of ; oads 
is shown in Table 17. 
TABLE 17. 
State, highwaye.(bituminous macadam)<... .< 2255.22. 82s 2. $12, 000 
County highways (bituminous macadam)..................-... 11, 000 
County roads: 
Maca ceimis ite ee ao ee el ei 3, 000 t0,4.,000 
Giawie eee ot eee ye 1, 900 to 2, 500 
Town highways: 
Mie Cade: ope oe ie A ieee, pis ioe 1, 800 to 4, 000 
Grivel ee ee ee ae Se 1, 500. 
The above costs include bridges and culverts under 5-foot span. 
All culverts under 5-foot span are built by the towns, counties, or 
State, as the case may be, but all bridges over 5-foot span are built 
by the towns. 
An examination oe the bridge and culvert situation shows that 
from 1911 to 19138 the an hes of wooden bridges decreased from — 
407 to 355. Stone bridges decreased during that same period from - 
27 to 6. The number of concrete bridges increased from 62 to 112, 
and iron bridges from 179 to 192. Concrete culverts increased from 
166 in 1911 to 816 in 1913. (See Plate X XI.) 
The condition of some of the county roads before and after im- 
provement is shown by Plate XX. 
During the construction period common labor cost $1.75 per day; 
teams with driver, $4.25; foremen in charge of sections, $3.50; 
subforemen, $2.50 te $3 ; Poller operators, $2.50 to $3; transit men, 
3 and expenses; chain men and helpers, $1.50. 
