30 Bulletin 827, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
winter and early spring, and after pasturing was cut for grain. 
Scarcely a single spear of oats survived the severe winter and fur- 
nished no grazing whatever. (Detailed information concerning rye 
is contained in Farmers' Bulletin 894.) 
Crimson clover is an annual winter-growing legume grown to 
some extent in the Piney Woods for pasture and hay. Crimson clover 
furnishes very little fall or winter grazing, but is important for 6 
weeks in the early spring between rye and other pasture. (Crimson 
clover is full}' discussed in Farmers' Bulletins 550, 579, and 1125.) 
Crab grass is the most common volunteer grass after cultivated 
crops. It comes in thickly after early corn has been laid by, and 
if the corn is removed makes considerable grazing through Septem- 
ber and October. (See Farmers' Bulletin 1125.) 
Mexican clover, also called " Florida pusley," is not a true clover 
or legume, but is a summer annual belonging to the madder family, 
which makes a rank growth resembling red clover. It is a common 
volunteer crop after early corn in most sections of the Piney Woods 
and makes a heavy growth each year when once established. After 
removal of the corn it makes fairly good grazing until heavy frost 
and makes a fair quality of hay and is often cut for that purpose. 
Its value as a cover crop, as late fall grazing, or as a hay crop, should 
entitle it to some consideration. The seed is 1 not sold commercially, 
but may be obtained from lofts where the hay is stored, and is sown 
in the spring at the rate of 5 or 6 pounds per acre. 
Beggarweed, an annual legume growing erect and reaching a 
height of from 4 to 8 feet, is a common volunteer crop through all 
sections of the Piney Woods, but makes its best growth in Florida. 
It has a high feeding value and makes excellent grazing until some 
time after frost. It is often cut for hay and is relished by cattle, 
although it is usually coarse. Seed is easily collected and may be 
sown at a small cost where the plant is not already well established. 
(See Farmers' Bulletin 1125.) 
PERMANENT PASTUEES. 
Permanent pastures of exceptionally high carrying capacity and 
long grazing period can easily be established and maintained on 
lands cleared of stumps and under cultivation. These pastures sup- 
plemented with temporary pastures for winter grazing enable the 
farmer to graze his cattle throughout practically the entire j^ear. 
Included in the questionnaire sent to pure-bred breeders was the 
question: "How many acres are necessary to carry a cow on im- 
proved pasture \ " The answers to this question varied from one- 
quarter of an acre to 3 acres, with the majority giving 1 acre per 
head. The average of all answers was 1.6 acres per head for the 
grazing season. Fifty-seven per cent of these men reported no im- 
