CONVICT LABOR FOB BOAD WOBK. 5? 
Shackles of all kinds also have been discarded. Though in the three 
western States named the guards are armed with revolvers and rifles 
and are about as numerous in proportion to the convicts as in the 
southeastern States, in New Jersey and New York the guards carry- 
only concealed revolvers and each one is responsible for the security 
of 20 or 30 convicts. In these States, and the North and West gener- 
ally, the convict cage and the night chain are not tolerated by public 
opinion, and apparently the same degree of security is obtained 
instead by the use of stockades, substantial buildings, and night 
guards. 
In the road camps of Utah, where tents are used exclusively, a 
high degree of perfection in the prevention of escapes has been attained 
without the use of chains. The tents are pitched within a square of 
approximately 150-foot dimensions, the limits of which are marked by 
a single-strand wire fence. At two diagonally opposite corners of 
the inclosure and immediately outside the fence are two small guard 
tents, and the only opening in the fence is near one of these tents. 
Situated at the corners, each of these guard stations commands a 
clear view of two sides of the inclosure, and guards are on duty 
at each station at all times when the convicts are in camp. At each 
of the guard corners are two strong locomotive headlights, so directed 
as to illuminate the two sides guarded from the respective corners. 
Convicts are forbidden to enter or leave the inclosure except by way 
of the single entrance and they are cautioned on pain of punishment 
not to approach the fence at other points, while at night no excuse 
is considered sufficient to justify a convict in approaching the fence 
at any point without permission. Working under this arrangement 
with a force of men maintained at approximately 70 for three years 
up to November 1, 1914, there had been only one escape, a record 
which hardly could have been improved upon had every man been 
chained night and day. 
In all the States of this group convicts assigned to road work are 
selected especially with reference to their moral character and their 
general fitness for the work. The discipline of the road camp is 
markedly less severe than that of the prison from which they are 
removed, and eight or nine hours of labor is the rule. More or 
less latitude is allowed the prisoners in the employment of their 
time after working hours, games, periodicals, and books being pro- 
vided for use between supper and the retiring hour, which is, as a 
rule, about 9 p. m. In New Jersey and New York particular atten- 
tion is paid to this matter, and baseball games and other outdoor 
sports are arranged regularly during the season for Saturday after- 
noons. Whipping is not permitted, and the only punishments which 
are sanctioned are deprivation of meals, and return to the peniten- 
tiary, except that in Arizona prisoners may be punished for minor 
