CONVICT LABOR FOR ROAD WORK. 77 
therefore evident that some means must be provided of storing the 
water during the night for use during the day. If the source be a 
mountain brook, this may be done by constructing a dam which will 
impound the necessary amount of water. If it be a spring, the water 
may be stored by excavating a reservoir around it, or by construct- 
ing a concrete reservoir, while if a dug well be the source, the water 
may be impounded in any desired quantity in the well itself by car- 
rying the well for the necessary distance below the water-bearing 
stratum or soil, and by making the diameter of the well sufficiently 
great. The dimensions of a driven well, on the other hand, are not 
sufficient to furnish such a reservoir and, therefore, unless the well 
be a so-called flowing well, in which case the water may be impounded 
in a reservoir above ground, it is necessary that the flow of the well 
be sufficient to supply the draft as required. 
Distribution, Pumping, Etc. 
The flow of water being sufficient for the needs of the camp, and 
sufficient storage or reservoir capacity having been provided, the 
next matter to receive consideration is the manner of distribution 
from the reservoir to the various parts of the camp. 
The most primitive method is to have the water carried in pails 
or tubs by members of the camp force, and this method was in use 
in a number of camps visited. But it is very wasteful of time 
and labor, and unless the camp is expected to be of the most tem- 
porary character, more economical and convenient means should be 
provided. 
In mountainous or hilly sections it happens frequently that the 
source, whether brook or spring, can be selected at a greater eleva- 
tion than that of the camp, and under these conditions it is only 
necessary to lay a pipe line and the water will flow to all parts of 
the camp by gravity. This is simplest and cheapest and, when natural 
conditions permit, should be adopted. 
However, when the natural conditions are not so favorable, and 
when it is desired to eliminate the carrying of water, one of three 
methods must be adopted, namely, the elevated tank, the hydro- 
pneumatic tank, or the pneumatic-pump methods 
Elevated-tank Method. 
In the elevated-tank method water is forced into the tank from 
a lower level by means of a pump or ram and is discharged therefrom 
'by gravity. "As there is considerable friction al resistance to the 
flow of water through the distribution pipes, the tank should be placed 
at least 10 feet higher than the highest discharge cock to insure a 
flow under pressure." 1 
1 From Bulletin No. 57, U. S. Department of Agriculture, "Water Supply, Plumbing, and Sewage Dis- 
posal for Country Homes." 
