CONVICT LABOR FOR ROAD WORK. 85 
is to be placed; (8) the preference as to elevated tank, hydro- 
pneumatic tank, or pneumatic-pump methods; (9) the kind of 
power to be used (hand, gasoline engine, or electric motor); (10) 
the number of people to be served; (11) the approximate number 
of faucets desired and an estimate of the amounts of water to be used 
for various purposes; (12) the number of head of live stock of all 
kinds. 
HYDRAULIC RAMS. 
When there is available in the immediate neighborhood of the 
camp a spring or other supply of pure water so situated that a con- 
siderable fall may be obtained within a reasonable distance, a hy- 
draulic ram may be used for pumping to the storage tank. The ram 
is a simple though wasteful machine, which utilizes the momentum 
of a stream of water falling a small height to elevate a portion of the 
water to a greater height; and once started the operation is contin- 
uous until the valves become worn. 
The proper size of ram to suit any special condition is a matter 
which should be taken up with manufacturers of rams. It will 
depend upon the following factors: 
(1) The flow of Water from the source of supply, determined by the 
time required to fill a vessel of known capacity; (2) the difference 
between the level of the supply and the lowest point within a reasona- 
ble distance suitable for the location of the ram; (3) the distance 
between the source of supply and the proposed location of the ram; 
(4) the difference in elevation between the ram location and the 
highest point to which water is to be delivered; (5) the length of 
pipe necessary to conduct the water to the point of delivery. 
In purchasing a ram, information with regard to the foregoing 
factors should be sent to the manufacturer. 
The efficiency of a ram is governed by the ratio of the fall of water 
from the spring to the ram to the height to which water is to be 
pumped. It is greatest when this ratio is from 1 to 2 J to 1 to 3, and 
the ram usually will not work well when the height to which the water 
is to be pumped is more than 25 times as great as the fall from the 
spring to the ram. 
The relation between the four interdependent factors, fall at the 
ram, lift to the tank, the supply at the spring, and quantity of deliv- 
ered water are expressed approximately by the following equation: 
n QXH 
q=- ir -> 
in which 
Q=supply of spring in gallons per minute, 
H=fall in feet from spring to ram, 
h=height of storage tank above ram in feet, 
q= quantity of water pumped in gallons per minute. 
