CONVICT LABOR FOR ROAD WORK. 87 
To determine the number of gallons delivered per day under any 
given conditions of power head, pumping head, and quantity of water 
used by the ram, multiply the factor opposite the given power head 
and under the given pumping head by the given number of gallons 
used per minute by the ram; and, vice versa, to determine the num- 
ber of gallons per minute necessary to pump a given supply in 24 
hours, divide the factor in the table into the supply. 
Thus, in the above example, the supply required every 24 hours is 
1,800 gallons. The power head is 14 feet, and the pumping head is 
200 feet. Opposite 14 and under 200 in the table is 67. Dividing 
1,800 by 67 the requisite flow through the ram is found to be 26.9 gal- 
lons per minute, as compared with 23.8 gallons determined by the 
formula above. Both results are approximate, and more accurate 
figures can be obtained only by a careful consideration of the length 
of the delivery pipe and the pipe friction. However, for the purpose 
of a preliminary determination of the practicability of a ram installa- 
tion either method will provide sufficiently close results. 
When it is determined to use a hydraulic ram precise instructions 
for the proper installation, operation, and care of the particular ram 
to be used should be obtained from its manufacturer, and these 
instructions should be followed carefully. 
PLUMBING. 
All piping used in connection with the water supply should be of 
iron, not lead, and the system should be so arranged that the water 
is carried to the point of discharge in as nearly a straight line as 
possible. 
The main pipe from the storage tank never should be less than 1 
inch in diameter, and for camps of 40 men should be 1J inches in 
diameter. For camps of the latter size the branch pipes to the 
kitchen sink, wash trough, and shower fixtures should be not less 
than f inch in diameter. 
All pipes should be laid on sufficient slant to drain them back into 
the tank or drainage system, and a drain pipe and cock should be 
provided at a low point in the system so that in extremely cold 
weather the system may be drained into the cesspool or the tank to 
prevent freezing. This necessitates a stop cock on the pressure- 
tank outlet to prevent draining the tank. 
Pipes exposed to the outer air or located where there is any danger 
of freezing should be boxed in sawdust or some other nonconducting 
material. 
Hot water for kitchen purposes can be heated most conveniently 
and cheaply on the kitchen range, but for lavatory and shower bath it 
