30 BULLETIN $49, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
The average number of men in each plant bears a very close rela- 
tion to the quantity of milk handled. It will be noted, however, that 
there is a wide variation in the number of men employed at the vari- 
ous plants in each group. Some plants employ six times as many 
men as others of the same size. Although scme other factors are in- 
volved, such as the relative quantities of bottled milk handled, these 
figures effectually illustrate the fact that some plants are not oper- 
ated so efficiently as others, which is due, to a great extent, to the 
faulty layout and arrangement of rooms and machinery. Many 
plants could cut down their labor by a more economical layout of 
machinery and equipment, while others could reduce it by installing 
more labor-saving machinery. Some plants have too many floors or 
stories to be able to utilize labor efficiently. For example, it is often 
necessary to have a set of men with a foreman on each floor. It can 
be readily seen that a plant with four or five floors requires more men 
and can utilize labor less efficiently than a plant handling the same 
quantity of milk with only one or two floors, although the latter plant 
may have nearly as much floor space as the larger building. The 
gravity system of milk handling (which is now generally recognized 
as the most efficient) can be used as well in a plant of 24 stories as in 
one of 4 or 5 stories. By having the pasteurizing equipment on a 
mezzanine floor, practically all the milk handling can be done in one 
room; the gravity system of handling can be used and the number of 
men can be reduced to a minimum. 
SANITARY REQUIREMENTS. 
WATER SUPPLY. 
An abundant supply of water should be available at the plant at all 
times. Large quantities of water are required for pasteurizing and 
cooling, for boilers and refrigerating machinery, and also for wash- 
ing purposes. The quantity required for washing bottles and cans 
and cleaning up milk apparatus is considerable, and, besides, there 
are the requirements necessary for keeping the fioors and walls well 
washed. Table 7 gives the quantity of water used at several plants of 
varlous sizes. 
TABLE 7.—Quantity of water used at milk plants of various sizes. 
Quantity of water used 
Average | Quantity of water used daily. daily per 100 gallons 
quantity | milk handled. 
Canacity of plant (gallons). of milk | 
handled | 
daily. Average. Variation. Average. Variation. 
| 
| Gallons. | Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. 
p't0 1-000 Sassen ee eee 500 4,800 | () 960 | 1 
TOOL tore WON Rose eee 1,566 14,255 | 11,000 to 18,300........| 909 | 520 to 1,220. 
2.001: t0'3 O00 Sees ee ee } 2,692 A221 0, COO Ad 2o0-- fo et 436 | 287 to 580. 
S001 To 87000 6 es ee oe 3,500 17, 735 | 3,070 to 32,400. ......-- 509 | 77 to 1,080. 
5001-10110 0002 eee 6, 788 16,135 (4) 238 1 
Over iO Wooo ea 15,999 | 112,007 | 102,000 to 122,015...... 700 | 611 to 850. 
1 Only 1 plant in group. 
