CITY MILK PLANTS: CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT. Bel 
of the pipes and from leaks at joints. If piping must be used, it 
should be of simple and sanitary construction, with frequent unions 
to permit thorough cleaning and sterilizing after each use. It is im- 
portant to have all turns in the pipes easily accessible and easily 
cleaned. Elbows and tees are to be avoided as much as possible, but 
when they are used, openings at the end will facilitate cleaning. A 
right-angle bend may be used if there is space, for in this fitting 
there are no recesses in which dirt can collect. When such joints 
are used the piping may be more easily kept clean. 
The pumps as well as the pipes should be cleaned and sterilized 
each time after using. It is less objectionable to use milk pumps 
before pasteurizing than after, for milk pumped after pasteurization 
may be recontaminated if the pump is not clean, and the added 
agitation may injure the cream line. Pumps should be of sanitary 
construction and of sufficient capacity to do the work without being 
overtaxed. 
EFFECT OF ARRANGEMENT OF PLANT ON LABOR REQUIREMENTS. 
The number of employees required to carry on the various opera- 
tions in the plant depends to a large degree on the layout and size of 
rooms, arrangement: of machinery, and size and type of building. 
Table 6 shows the number of men employed at 157 plants of various 
sizes. They include only those in the plant and in the boiler and en- 
gine rooms. In plants where ice cream is handled the time of the men 
in the power plant was prorated according to the quantities handled, 
and where there was a separate butter department the men “lie 
put all their time in that department were not included. The fig- 
ures given do not necessarily indicate the total number of men em- 
ployed at one plant, but one man indicates a full day for one man, 
as, for example, when the average number of employees is given as 
one, it may indicate that one man spends one-half of his time and 
two others one-fourth of their time each in the plant. 
TABLE 6.—Number of men employed in city milk plants of various sizes (men 
inside the plant only). 
: s Employ- 
Quantity of milk A Sa cnit ees in 
‘Number! handled daily. Hrmployees myulant: DIAHeDer 
Capacity of plant. of 100 
plants. gallons 
l handled. 
Total. | Average.| Total. | Averace Variation, | Average. 
Gallons. | Gallons. | Gallons. 
WW pEtoMlOUT es eee S22 2222 | 4 250 63 4.3 iets le toules see 115% 
HOMO ZSOsas ceecie case sce es 19 3,28) 173 32.5 17 | ito sacs. 1.0 
Zo leuO OO Aereeciceineiwcceieceer | 31 12, 435 401 86.5 258) |) eo tOlGeaeese at 
SOOM, O00ESs Sasa 5 oe. ce 34 26, 885 790 193. 0 Ob Uf |} AWOL ssccoe all 
1ROCMtOM S00 eee cee- ese see 16 20, 750 1, 297 114.5 Ted) PAB) ROVE oc coe -6 
NES Ob Or2 O00 esis east il 19, 600 1, 782 126. 0 1) A OVOP aasosc 5() 
PAVO OSH sox osencesaasee 13 34, 450 2,650 190. 0 14.6 | 8 toi27. 22-2: 6 
SUDO Ol hacoeeceuEecebee 16 64, 650 4,041 328. 0 2055) |) @bOl36.2- eee 56 
D,OOLtolOO00ssseececce see 9 66, 700 7,411 294. 0 S22(e\) 9 tO 49 reas nee 4 
Owen OOOO see eece secs ss 4 69, 000 17, 250 343. 0 85.8 | 49 to 100..... a5 
Total or average...... | 157 317,975 2E025n\) sl 7.8 10.9 | 1 to 100.....- 5 
