MARKET CLASSES AND GRADES OF CATTLE 77 
sprung. The belly is slightly paunchy but the rear flank is moder- 
ately low. The hips are moderately wide ; the rump is moderately 
wide and deep, and the tail head is slightly high or drooped when 
compared with the back line. 
The thigh is moderately wide and deep and the twist is moderately 
deep, with the seam of the latter appearing moderately low. The 
fleshing of the animal is slightly thin, the fore quarters being some- 
what thinner in flesh than the hind quarters. The lines of the 
animal appear practically straight. The development and balance 
of the different parts indicate that the animal when finished and 
slaughtered will have a moderately high percentage of ribs, loins, 
and rounds in its carcass. 
The fat covering is slightly thin over the loins and rump and 
slightly thinner over the shoulders, crops, and back. There are 
noticeably small deposits of fat in the brisket, flanks, and twist, but 
these are not sufficient to cause any apparent fullness of these parts. 
The fat covering as a rule is moderately uniform in its distribution. 
The animal is slightly too coarse or too refined, evidencing reason- 
ably good beef-type breeding and care. The bones of the legs are 
slightly too large or too small, with the joints having like character- 
istics. The hide is slightly unpliant and is slightly too thick or too 
thin. The hair is moderately fine and as a rule the flesh of the 
animal is slightly soft. 
Heifers of this grade are usually high-grade beef-type individuals, 
but occasionally some of them show traces of dairy-type breeding 
which is mostly indicated by their color markings. Load lots of this 
grade usually contain individuals of two or more of the different 
breeds of beef-type cattle. The age limits for feeder and stocker 
heifers of this grade are approximately the same as those for the 
Choice and Fancy grades. Feeder heifers of this grade are in limited 
supply throughout the year. Stocker heifers are offered in fairly 
liberal numbers during the late summer and fall months at the larger 
livestock markets, but are comparatively scarce throughout the rest 
of the year. 
Medium or No. 3. — Medium or No. 3 grade feeder and stocker 
heifers are slightly deficient in conformation, finish, and quality. 
The head is slightly long and narrow and the neck is also slightly 
long. They are slightly rangy and angular, the body being slightly 
narrow in proportion to its length. The legs, which are set slightly 
close together, are slightly long in proportion to the depth of body. 
Top and underlines are slightly irregular and oblique and the lines 
of the sides are also slightly irregular and oblique. The lines of the 
sides usually converge considerably toward a point in front of the 
animal because of considerably less width through the shoulders than 
through the hips. The animal has a slightly poor middle, the crops 
being slightly empty or sunken and the chest slightly narrow and 
shallow. The back and loins are slightly narrow and often low, and 
the ribs are slightly short and flat. The belly is paunchy and the 
rear flank is slightly high. The hips are slightly narrow and the 
rump is slightly narrow and peaked with the tail head slightly too 
high or drooped when compared with back line. The thigh is 
slightly narrow and tapering, and the twist is slightly shallow, with 
the seam of the twist appearing slightly high. The fleshing of the 
