20 BULLETIN 1415, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
the shipper for this service. Under this service the railroad agrees 
to keep the car iced in transit and is liable for the deterioration of 
the apples unless it is shown that they were in poor condition at 
time of shipment. This service is used extensively for summer, 
early fall, and spring shipments. If shipments are billed “standard 
refrigeration’? between October 15 and April 15, the shipper assumes 
freezing risks. 
THE CARLOAD 
A 756-box loading is used most extensively for boxed-apple ship- 
ments. Under heater and refrigerator service a space is left between 
the doors to permit bracing the load; under ventilation the car is 
often loaded solid without the brace. When loading for refrigeration 
care is taken to provide uniform air spaces between the rows of boxes. 
Fic. 11.—Car of boxed apples loaded for heater service 
In loading for heater service the boxes are stacked solid across the 
car, leaving maximum spaces between the load and side walls in- 
stead of dividing the space between the rows (fig. 11). Railroads 
often instruct shippers to load only four boxes instead of seven in 
the first or bottom stacks next to the bunkers when the shipment 
moves under heater service. This reduces the load to 750 boxes but 
insures greater protection to the apples. The openings between these 
boxes provide channels through which the air can return to the 
heater, thus facilitating movement of heated air within the car. 
WATER TRANSPORTATION 
Since 1914-15 apples have been carried under refrigeration, by 
boat direct from Pacific coast ports to the Atlantic seaboard, although 
the bulk of the tonnage has moved by rail. In 1920 one steamship 
