LIFE HISTORY OF SHORTLEAF PINE. 
27 
the former generation embedded at their bases. (Fig. 10.) In most 
cases fire has been the cause of the sprouting, and since both the inclu- 
sion of charred stubs and the size of the core can readily be ascer- 
Very resinous heart* 
Rre killed stub enclosed 
Lateral root 
Tap roof 
Fro. 10.— Vertical section through base of 18-year-old, thrifty shortleaf pine of coppice origin, inclosing stub 
of parent stem. (From photograph.) 
tained, if present, by an examination of the extreme base of the tree, 
these marks embedded similarly in a number of trees selected at 
random will serve to confirm the coppice origin of the whole stand. 
An indication of origin may be seen in low-cut stumps * in logging 
> In Arkansas 6 to 9 inches high for small trees and 1 foot for the larger ones are customary heights. 
