LIFE HISTORY OF SHORTLEAF PIKE. O 
Altogether 10 different species share in varying degree the range of 
shortleaf. Pond and slash pines and spruce pine merely overlap 
along the southern margin, but pitch and scrub pines share as much 
as one-third to one-half the botanical range. In parts of Virginia 
and North Carolina, scrub pine occurs in varying proportion in the 
mixed shortleaf conifer stands, 1 particularly in old fields, and it 
succeeds in getting a strong foothold in the poorer soils, dry pastures, 
and waste places. On the lower or warmer side, shortleaf throughout 
practically its entire range associates extensively with loblolly pine. 
In this association the two maintain, to a large degree, the relation 
of complementary species, loblolly holding the heavier, moist soils 
and shortleaf the drier and lighter soils. Valuable and extensive 
commercial forests of this character occur in Georgia, Alabama, 
Mississippi, Texas, and especially heavy stands in Arkansas and 
Louisiana. Both of these pines to some extent, and particularly 
loblolly, are replacing the slower-growing longleaf on all situations, 
except the driest and most sandy soils, throughout their region of 
contact. 2 In the longleaf region shortleaf occurs generally in groups 
or small stands on favorable situations, but in large areas west of the 
Mississippi the two occupy practically the same soil type, and in 
mixture they make up heavy stands of maximum development. 
HARDWOODS. 
A large number of broadleaf species are associated with shortleaf 
through its extended range. Oaks and hickories, however, are so 
constant in their association as to be characteristic in many of the 
mixed stands. Over the Northern Atlantic States chestnut oak, 
yellow oak, and red oak are the most typical associates. From 
Virginia southward throughout the Piedmont country, lying between 
the coastal plain and the lower slopes of the mountains up to 2,500 
feet, shortleaf still maintains its position generally as the dominant 
tree in mixture with the upland oaks and hickories. The primary 
associated species are yellow and Spanish oaks, big-bud and bitternut 
hickories, and, on the thin ridges, post oak and black-jack oak. The 
amount of shortleaf in the mixture varies widely, but throughout the 
eastern range represents usually from 35 to 60 per cent of the stand. 
In the hilly and mountainous parts of Arkansas, the mixed shortleaf 
and loblolly type gives way at elevations above about 400 feet to 
heavy stands of nearly pure shortleaf up to about 1,000 feet, whence 
1 Following are botanical and common names of pines mentioned: 
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda Linn.). I Norway pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.). 
Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Scrub pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.). 
Pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.). Slash pine (Pinus caribaea Morel.). 
Pond pine (Pinus serotina Michx.). White pine (Pinus strobus Linn.). 
Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens Michx.). 
2 Ashe, W. W. Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters. Vol. V, No. 1, p. 84. 
