DRAINAGE BY MEANS OF PUMPING FROM WELLS IN ARIZONA 17 
3, A, was photographed from the northwest corner of section 29, T. 
1 S., R. 4 E. The white spots are incrustations of alkali which re- 
sulted from the rise of ground water to within 18 inches of the sur- 
face. The view shown as Plate 3, B, was photographed from the 
northwest corner of section 3, T. 1 S., R. 4 E. The white line across 
the middle of this picture marks the west bank of the drainage ditch. 
Date palms, which appear in the foreground, are now the only useful 
vegetation that can survive in this alkali-infested spot. Plate 3, C, 
shows the contrast between conditions at places along this drain with 
that in area E, where pumping from wells has been the method of 
drainage. This picture was taken from the southeast corner of sec- 
tion 3, T. 1 $., R. 5 E., 6 miles east of the drain. Before the opera- 
tion of the drainage pumps, 
land in this vicinity had been 
noticeably damaged by high 
ground water, but now it is ade- 
quately drained and fully re- 
claimed. Moreover, the closed 
drains in area D have not met 
with success equal to that at- 
tained elsewhere on the project 
by pumping from wells. 
Drainage pumps have since 
been installed in area F and in 
the tract of land adjacent to 
area E, and the effect of their 
10 
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2000 1000 1000 2000 
Distance,Eastand West from Pumping Plantjn Feet 

10 
20 
SOUTH 
a 
Fig. 
2000 1000 1000 2000 
Distance, North and South from Pumping Planum Feet 
14. — Fluctuations of water level sur- 
rounding pumping plant in area E 
operation on lowering the ground-water level so far gives promise** 
that satisfactory drainage will be accomplished by this means. 
DRAINAGE RUN-OFF 
The drainage run-off, or quantity of water that must be drained 
from soils of the Salt River project annually in order to give them 
desired protection, can not be estimated accurately at present. The 
water which has been removed from underground sources in recent 
years represents not only what has caused the ground-water level 
to rise, but in addition what had been stored in the soil above the 
present ground-water level. 
The most dependable records of drainage run-off are those for 
the irrigated land included in areas A, B, C, and that portion of 
area D drained by the pumping method (fig. 1). The drainage 
pumps for all these areas were in operation from October 1, 1922 
to September 30, 1923, except in a small portion of area D where six 
small drainage pumping plants have since been installed; they in- 
crease the capacity of the present drainage system for the four areas 
by about 4 per cent. During the 12 months ended September 30, 
1923, 91,287 acre-feet of water was pumped from wells located in 
this portion of the project. For the entire gross area of irrigated 
land within the limits mentioned, this represents a drainage run-off 
of 0.65 second-foot per square mile, or the removal of 470 acre-feet 
of water from each, square mile of contributing area per year. Con- 
sidering only the 43,328 acres in the areas referred to the drainage 
