54 BULLETIN 1298, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
During three years many shipments of Scandinavian and Canadian 
pulps received were more or less damaged by " fungoid growth and 
rot." Microscopic examinations of the pulps were made, in an 
attempt to determine the cause of the deterioration. Barnes stated 
that the chief effect was a blackish discoloration produced by a 
species of Cladosporium, which he held responsible in most cases for 
the systematic decay of ground-wood pulp. There is shown a rough 
drawing of a "type of white fungus growing on the surface of the 
sheets m the interior of a bale of mechanical pulp." This was 
probably a hymenomycete. He considered the "fission fungi" 
(evidently, to judge from his figure, Penicillium sp.) to be the cause 
of the rapid decay of external parts of laps already infected with 
Cladosporium sp, He noted molds producing brick-red, yellow, and 
violet pulp, but remarks that they had very little "tendering" effect 
upon the pulp. In one series of tests various conspicuous spots were 
marked on the laps with a violet pencil; the marked laps were then 
piled in a compact stack and surrounded by moist sound ground 
wood. At the end of the six weeks it was found that all spots, 
including the "grayish markings due to reaction of iron and tannin 
bodies," had increased in size, and that the white branching fungus 
had grown far into the bale. 
See (24) has made a rather thorough study of the fungi found on 
paper. He isolated 27 species belonging to 16 genera. As to their 
source, he states that the spores of the fungi are in the paper when it 
is made, but apparently he made no tests to substantiate his asser- 
tion. The assumption is based upon the presence of the same species 
on both paper and pulp. 
Moreau (18) reports a very much blackened condition of imported 
pulp, supposedly due to the presence of a sphaeriaceous fungus. He 
advised that antiseptic measures be taken before shipping, because 
the presence of large quantities of the fungus would necessitate the 
use of excessive amounts of hypochlorite for bleaching. 
In the review (4) of the work of Beadle and Stevens the most 
interesting fact, from the present standpoint, to be developed is that 
blue stain, caused by Ceratostomella spp., sometimes gives rise to 
trouble in paper making. The authors are inclined to believe that 
these species have a weakening effect upon mechanical pulp. Their 
spores are produced in long, beaked perithecia at the ends of logs or 
in cracks and holes. 
The only hymenomycetes reported in the literature as inhabiting 
pulp are PaxiUus panuoides Fr. and Trametes serialis Fr., observed 
by Von Schrenk at Glens Falls, N. Y. (21), whereas in the present 
investigation it has been conclusively shown not only that the 
hymenomycetes are present but also that they are responsible for 
the greatest amount of damage to pulp. It seems probable that had 
careful culture experiments been run, the previous investigators 
would have found hymenomycetes mixed with such molds as 
Rhynchosphaeria and Cladosporium, which they reported responsible 
for pulp decay. Without isolation studies it would have been easy 
indeed to mistake the more evident molds for the really destructive 
hymenomycetes. 
