14 BULLETIN 1271, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
than normal. Other layers of the walls of the stomachs of all 
animals appeared to be unaffected. 
Xo uniform pathological change was noted in any portion of the 
intestines. In very few instances did the sections show a congested 
condition. In most sections from the various portions there was an 
excess of lymphoid cells or other leucocytes in the mucous mem- 
brane. In some instances, however, this was probably due to para- 
sites. In half of the samples examined the serosa was thickened or 
contained an excess of leucocytes. Some of them were of the endo- 
thelial type and were on the surface of the serosa, probably due to 
the presence of an irritant in the abdominal cavity. 
While there was evidence of some imitation in the spleen it was 
not found uniformly in all the animals, nor was it particularly 
severe. Of the 10 cases studied, 5 — 2 pigs, the sheep, and both cat- 
tle — had congested spleens. This blood, however, was very unevenly 
distributed, some small areas being full of red blood corpuscles, 
while in other areas there were few, if any. In 5 cases there was a 
swelling of the pulp reticular cells, and in 6 cases splenic cells 
seemed unusually abundant. In the sheep and in both cattle the 
lymphoid cells of the germinal centers had undergone more or less 
degeneration. In the most extreme case — cattle 954 — the nuclei of 
these cells were found in various stages of degeneration. Many of 
them were fragmented, and some of the fragments had been taken 
up by phagocytes. 
Sections of several mesenteric and mediastinal lymph glands were 
examined. These were in a condition very similar to that found 
in the spleens. In 8 glands taken from 5 of the animals the reticular 
cells were distinctly swollen and in 5 of these glands they were 
noticeably degenerated. In 5 glands there was an excess of large 
mononuclear cells of the endothelial cell t}^pe. Only rarely were the 
glands congested. In 2 cases small hemorrhages had occurred in the 
lymphoid areas and in 3 cases red blood corpuscles were found in 
the lymph spaces. In 1 pig and the sheep polymorphonuclear leuco- 
cytes were present in considerable excess. In the glands of both 
cattle eosinophils were present in excess, a condition doubtless con- 
nected with the fluke infestation of the livers of the animals. 
Little of significance was found in sections of the lungs or of heart 
tissue. On the average there was a relatively small quantity of 
blood in the interalveolar capillaries, many of them being entirely 
empty. The sheep was the only animal in which a congestion was 
found. Occasionally the epithelium of the bronchial tubes was 
swollen and sometimes the surrounding connective tissue was some- 
what congested. In the walls of the ventricles occasional areas of 
capillary congestion were found, but the condition was not constant. 
In general, then, it appears that the most severe and perhaps the 
primary effect was in the liver, and had resulted in hemorrhages in 
all Hie lobules and a severe necrosis of the hepatic cells. The epi- 
thelium of the larger bile duels was often injured, the change ex- 
tending apparently to the gall bladder, the walls of which were some- 
times necrotic. In the kidneys there was a condition of parenchy- 
matous nephritis affecting mainly the convoluted tubules and the 
ascending limb of Henle with less injury to other tubules. The 
mucous membrane of the stomach, in the pigs especially, was con- 
gested or even hemorrhagic. 
