42 BULLETIN 933. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
deep-feeding root system that transplanting soon becomes very ex- 
pensiye and is liable to result in injury to the roots and, possibly, in 
the subsequent death of the seedlings. 
SPACING. 
The spacing depends altogether upon the kind of plantation the 
owner intends to haye. If he intends to bestow careful management 
upon his trees and get the best results from them, the initial spacing 
should be close (4 by 1 feet), and thinnings s'hould also be made 
without fail when the crowns begin to interfere with one. another. If, 
on the other hand, the owner plants the trees as a side line, to add 
to the appearance of his farm, protect his stock, or occupy some out- 
of-the-way corner, and if it is his intention to let them deyelop as 
they will, a much wider spacing is adyisable — say 6 by 16 feet. If 
they are planted closer the trees are liable to enter into actiye 
competition before they become merchantable. If they are uncared 
for they will so interfere with each other that after a time none will 
haye much value : in extreme cases, decay and death may overtake 
the trees before they are merchantable. If the trees are grown for 
the production of nuts, a spacing of 50 to 60 feet would be advisable. 
Although walnut is too coarse branched and thin foliaged to 
make a first-class windbreak, it may sometimes be desirable to plant 
it in single rows for this purpose. In single rows close spacing is 
admissible even if it is not expected that the trees will be carefully 
managed, for plenty of side space will be available. A spacing of 
4 to 6 feet apart in the rows is satisfactory. In pastures walnut trees 
may be planted singly or in groups. If the trees are planted singly. 
a typical low-crowned spreading tree will develop that would yield 
one short log. This log would not be of high value, but, nevertheless, 
it would be merchantable. In groups of a dozen trees or so some 
of the trees in the middle of the group ought to produce very good 
logs — not of forest-grown form, it is true, but, nevertheless, superior 
to single trees grown in the open. TTheneyer planting is done the 
plans should provide for the maturing at one time of 40 trees at 
least. It is to be borne in mind that in a close plantation 80 per 
cent of the trees will be cut in thinnings before maturity. If he has 
at least 10 trees maturing at once, the owner is assured of a market 
at any time and a better price, as those trees will make at least 1 
thousand board feet, or one carload of logs. 
PROTECTION FROM GRAZING. 
General grazing is not likely to harm a well-established planta- 
tion, provided too many live stock are not permitted on the area and 
no part of it is made to serye as a feed lot. Xew plantations, how- 
