BLACK WALNUT! ITS GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT. 13 
springs or seeps. Small streams usually have the most favorable 
bottom lands; such rivers as the Kansas and Arkansas deposit too 
much sand along their bottoms. 
SOUTHERN STATES. 
Arkansas. — Walnut is widely distributed in Arkansas, usually in 
the deep rich soils of the stream bottoms; but its growth in large 
quantities is mostly confined to the northern part of the State. In 
the northwestern region, known as the Boston Mountains, the physio- 
graphic and climatic conditions are such that walnut ceases to be 
a river-bottom tree and appears upon the level terraces and mountain 
tops, which alternate with steep escarpments. Here the soil is rich 
and deep, of limestone and sandstone origin, and bears a blue-grass 
sod in most places. The rainfall is greater than in other regions west 
of the Mississippi Eiver and conditions more closely resemble those 
of central Kentucky and Tennessee. In much of Arkansas the walnut 
is difficult of access, as the stands are far from railroads and hauling 
is expensive. 
Oklahoma. — Walnut- is of considerable importance as a bottom- 
land tree in Oklahoma. In the western part of the State it is scat- 
tering or only locally abundant ; but in the eastern part, the old 
Indian Territory, it is still very common, although a great deal was 
recently cut, and the remaining timber is therefore mostly small. 
This region contained the last of the virgin walnut. The wood is con- 
sidered inferior to walnut grown farther north and is little sought 
for milling. 
Texas. — Conditions are widely variable in Texas, and the develop- 
ment of walnut is correspondingly irregular. The species is found 
over the whole eastern part of the State, though it is nowhere very 
abundant at the present time, the region having been worked heavily 
for export during the last 20 years. On the lower stretches of the 
rivers the prevailing forest is of the southern hardwood bottom- 
land type, consisting mainly of gums, oaks, and cypress and contain- 
ing little walnut ; but toward central Texas the southern species drop 
out one by one, and walnut becomes increasingly important until the 
western limits of its range are reached, where it associates with 
Mexican walnut (Juglans rupestris). In the black-soil region the 
wood is dark and uniform, producing veneers of a deep brown color 
with even a purple or dark-greenish shade. Toward the limestone 
region of the Edwards Plateau, where the conditions of growth are 
severe, the wood is light in color, streaked with darker shades, and 
sometimes so variable and so dark lined as to pass for genuine Circas- 
sian walnut. Valuable burls also come from this region. Texas 
walnut is defective in general and at present is not often cut for 
milling. 
