BLACK WALNUT! ITS GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT. 11 
contain a considerable amount of merchantable walnut, as well as 
much small growth. In the region of the Great Kanawha and New 
Rivers the walnut has been almost entirely removed. In the extreme 
southwestern part of the State there are scattered stands. Though 
walnut grows to good size in West Virginia, it is not so large, in gen- 
eral, as in Ohio or Indiana, and it is also more defective. 
Kentucky. — Kentucky is a heavy producer of walnut and still con- 
tains large quantities in spite of long-continued cutting. The blue- 
grass region of central Kentucky is the main source of supply on 
account of the ease with which most of the timber may be obtained 
and because of its general distribution on. nearly every farm and 
wood lot. The largest amounts, however, are in the mountains of 
eastern Kentucky, but these supplies have hitherto been inaccessible, 
even at high war prices, on account of the long hauls over inferior 
roads and the small amounts available in any one place. In extreme 
western Kentucky the principal forest is the more characteristically 
southern type of bottom-land hardwoods in which walnut is an 
insignificant member. 
Tennessee. — Tennessee is divided into three walnut-producing dis- 
tricts — east, middle, and west Tennessee — each containing different 
topographical and forest types. East Tennessee is mountainous and 
contains a great deal of walnut scattered as field trees in the agricul- 
tural lands of the valleys and appearing quite generally in wood lots 
and in the hardwood type, where it makes excellent development. 
On pine lands it is more rarely seen and is of inferior form. In the 
mountains it is found up to 4,000 feet in elevation, usually in coves 
with rich, deep soil, along with yellow poplar and white and red 
oaks. In the rolling country of middle Tennessee it is a common 
tree, although its development is inferior to that in east Tennessee. 
In the aggregate there is probably more walnut in this section than 
in either of the other divisions of the State. It is found in limestone 
soils, even where outcrops indicate a shallow soil, and it frequently 
associates with red cedar. In the hollows and valleys of the lime- 
stone region it reaches excellent proportions.- West Tennessee tends 
to the alluvial-bottom type and contains only a scattering of walnut. 
PRAIRIE STATES. 
Southern Minnesota. — There is very little walnut in Minnesota, 
although some has been cut in the two southern tiers of counties, 
where conditions are similar to those of northern Iowa. 
Iowa. — Iowa is one of the most important sources of walnut, par- 
ticularly in the southern and southeastern parts. The loess soils 
of this State are deep and rich, and the broad river bottoms present 
large areas of well-watered soils in which walnut thrives. Planted 
on the uplands, walnut usuallv grows slowly, and its development 
