10 BULLETIX 933, U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. 
most of the two southern tiers of counties it is plentiful as a field 
tree. The quality is excellent to its northern commercial limit. 
Indiana. — The whole State of Indiana has a high reputation for 
black walnut, but at present the species is irregularly distributed, 
a condition that is explained by the differences in the soil and by 
the settling and clearing of the land for agriculture. The northwest 
part of the State never has been to any great extent a walnut sec- 
tion, the poorly drained lands of the Kankakee River and the sandy 
stretches about the south end of Lake Michigan being unfavorable 
to this species. In the northeastern part of the State and in a region 
south of the Wabash River, embracing all but the lower third of the 
State, soils are excellent, and walnut is everywhere seen in fields, 
along roads, in wood lots, and especially west of Indianapolis, in 
pure groves fringing mixed hardwood stands. The south third of 
the State is more rolling and broken, and walnut is largely confined 
to valleys and protected slopes. The soils in some places are sterile 
clays underlaid by hardpan or rock, and are unfavorable for walnut, 
which is, therefore, scarce in these localities. In the region as a 
whole, however, walnut is of commercial importance. The forests 
of the "Wabash Valley below Yincennes and of the Ohio Yalle}' be- 
low Evansville tend toward types more characteristically southern, 
and walnut becomes more rare. 
Southern Wisconsin. — Walnut exists in commercial quantities in 
southwest Wisconsin below a line running from La Crosse to Bara- 
boo and Madison. It is nowhere very evident, but rich pockets of 
pure stands are found in out-of-the-way valleys. The trees usually 
grow as pure grooves in grass} 7 hollows or scattered singly among 
the other species in the better class of hardwood stands. Walnut 
grows much farther north in Wisconsin, but is sparsely distributed, 
usually as widely scattered individual trees. 
Illinois. — Most of the walnut in Illinois is found north of a line 
from St. Louis to Terre Haute, and is generally limited to the bottom 
lands and moist flats. Walnut is an important element of the 
hardwood stands in this region and is particularly abundant in the 
central part of the State. On the poorly drained and sandy soils 
in northeastern Illinois there is less walnut, and in the hardwood 
forests of southern Illinois it forms a smaller proportion of the stand 
than in the bottom-land forests farther north. 
SOUTH CENTRAL STATES. 
West Virginia. — The walnut in West Virginia is largely confined 
to the northwestern half of the State. The elevation of the south- 
eastern half of the State is in general too high and the soil is too 
shallow and poor for walnut, although there are many valleys which 
