8 BULLETIN 885, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
and thoroughly infested parts of the Canal Zone and closely adjoining 
parts of the Republic of Panama. In surveys made by the authors 
at Ancon, Balboa, and Panama, not a single citrus tree has been found 
entirely free from woglumi, and at least 70 per cent of all the mangoes 
have been found infested, about 10 per cent of these being heavily 
infested. Practically all the citrus trees in these towns are limes used 
for ornamental purposes in gardens, in lawns, or along the streets, and 
fully 50 per cent of such trees are what might be called heavily in- 
fested. 
It has also been determined by a survey of the Las Sabanas region, 
which lies to the north of Panama, that several wealthy Panamanians 
have themselves introduced plants from Jamaica to that region. 
There is no regulation of any kind outside of the ordinary customs 
regulations governing the introduction of plants to either the Canal 
Zone or the Republic of Panama from any part of the world. Neither 
are there any regulations governing the free movement of plants 
within that area. Hence, it is no uncommon thing to see passengers 
on vessels from various parts of South America bringing living 
plants into the Canal Zone or the Republic of Panama, to friends or 
for their own use. Neither is it an uncommon thing to see passengers 
from the West Indies or other parts of Central America bringing in 
plants. These passengers are often residents of the Canal Zone or 
Republic of Panama and bring the plants as a remembrance of their 
visit or because of the fact that such plants, if they are fruit trees, 
bear more delicious fruits than do closely related ones in the Canal 
Zone or Panama. It is common knowledge that the West Indian 
negroes are great lovers of plants and it has been repeatedly observed 
by the writers in their visits to Cristobal that even negro workmen 
carry plants with them when they leave or arrive in the Canal Zone. 
From the foregoing it is apparent that the original infestations of 
Aleurocanthus woglumi occurring at the terminals of the Panama 
Canal in the Canal Zone and Republic of Panama may be the result 
of the introduction of more than one lot of infested host plants from 
Jamaica, and it is probable that the first introduction took place as 
early as 1912. 
Whether the original infestation in the Cristobal-Colon section was 
a separate introduction or whether it preceded or succeeded the 
Ancon-Balboa-Panama one will never be known definitely. It must 
be remembered that the grounds of Ancon Hospital were a sort of 
botanical garden in the days of the French and remained as such in 
the early part of the American regime, their place finally being taken 
by what is now Ancon Nursery. It is quite possible, therefore, that 
the infested plants might have been sent to Cristobal and Colon from 
Ancon. 
