ADULTERATION OT IXSECT POWDER. O 
stems with, those of the flowers of G. leucanthemum. The averages 
of all determinations are compared for each constituent. 
The results in Table 3 show that the greatest differences in the 
chemical composition are in the phosphorus, ash, and pentosans, 
which are higher in the flowers of C. leucanthemum than in those of 
C. cinerarkefoliuia. It is evident, however, that a chemical analysis 
alone is insufficient to show adulteration of insect powder with pow- 
dered daisy flowers. Such adulteration can be definitely determined 
only by microscopic examination. 
MORPHOLOGY OF CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM. 
The daisy plant is a typical Composite. It is a perennial, with 
nearly smooth stem, growing to a height of from 1 to 3 feet, and 
sparingly branched. The leaves are coarsely cut, the uppermost 
leaves being smaller than the lower ones and nearly entire. The 
flower heads consist of white ray flowers and yellow disc flowers. 
The involucral bracts are lanceolate, nearly smooth, with a narrow, 
chestnut-brown margin. The fruit, when mature, consists of very 
small achenes, with a black background and conspicuous white ribs 
running lengthwise of the fruit. There is usually a small tubercle 
or knoblike projection on the broad end, apparently the remains 
of the flowers (PI. I, Fig. 2). 
Beringer [2) and Vogtherr (39) go into detail in a morphological 
description of field daisy flowers. 
Field daisy flowers occurring in insect flowers are much more 
easily detected than when in powdered form. The most positive 
character that can be relied upon for their detection is the fruit. 
Even in an immature condition, the fruit of the daisy does not re- 
semble that of Chrysanthemum cinerar ice folium. The following 
compilation is given to serve as an aid in distinguishing between 
the fruits of G. cinerar ice folium and those of C . leucanthemum (PL 
I. Figs. 1 and 2). 
Dalmatian -flowers. — Achenes 5 -ribbed; possess small - toothed 
crown: golden yellow in color; ray floret achenes more curved or 
arched than the disc floret achenes (PI. I, Fig. 1). 
Daisy flowers. — Achenes usually 10-ribbed: ribs very prominent, 
white, alternating with black stripes; tubercle or knoblike projec- 
tions on broad end of achene ; achene much smaller than that of the 
Dalmatian flower (PL I, Fig. 2). 
HISTOLOGY. 
Schrenk (29) claims to have found a positively characteristic 
structure of daisy powder in the small, several-celled hairs which 
he detected in considerable numbers on the apparently glabrous 
scales i PL II, fig. 4). Durrant (10) found difficulty in detecting 
daisy in genuine insect powder, and Beringer (2) could detect no 
difference microscopically between the two powders. 
However easily the hairs Schrenk has referred to may be detected 
on the unground involucral scales, their presence is very difficult to 
establish when the scales are powdered. Apparently the hairs are 
very fragile and are readily broken up in the process of grinding. 
37471—23 2 
