ADULTERATION OF INSECT POWDER. < 
So attempt has been made to describe the other parts of the daisy 
flower in detail, the scope of this bulletin being limited to those differ- 
entiating tissue elements which might be detected readily in an 
insect powder adulterated with powdered dais}^ flowers. A brief de- 
scription of the diagnostic tissues of the achenes of the Dalmatian 
flower (C. cineraria folium) and of the daisy flower (C. leueanthe- 
mum) follows: 
Dalmatian -flower achene. — Characterized in the powder by rec- 
tangular patches of hard sclerenchyma tissues, strongly lignified and 
possessing numerous clinorhombic crystals which exhibit a great 
variety of colors w T ith crossed nicols. In older flowers (open flow- 
ers) isolated stone cells are very common (PL I, Fig. 3; PL II. 
Fig. 1). 
Daisy flower achene. — Characterized in the powder by irregular 
dark-red fragments of variable size, which are very evident when 
the powder, after being cleared in chloral hydrate solution (about 
1:1). is examined under the microscope ; also by closely packed 
palisadelike tissue with thick walls and narrow lumina. usually 
present in radial section in the powder (PL I. Fig. 4: PL II. Fig. 2). 
SUMMARY. 
While there are certain differences in the chemical composition of 
Chrysanthemum cineraria- folium and Chrysanthemum leueanthe- 
mum, a chemical analysis is insufficient to show adulteration of insect 
powder with o\risj flowers. 
Adulteration of insect powder with powdered daisy flowers can be 
definitely determined by microscopic examination. Powdered daisy 
flowers are distinguished by (a) irregular dark-red fragments of 
the achene. and (b) palisadelike cells comprising the costal tissue of 
the achene. 
LITERATURE CITED. 
( 1 > Anonymous. 
Insecticides. Ill Pharm. J. (1871), 31 (3d ser.. 2) : 530. 
(2) Beringer, G. M. 
The Hungarian daisy as au adulterant of insect powder. /// Am .T 
Pharm. (1889), 61 (4th ser.. 19) : 1-1. 
(3) Caesar and Loeetz. 
Chrysanthemum leueanthemum. In Pharm. Ztsr. (1889), 3'r 396-7 
.4) 
Insektenpulver. In Pharm. Ztg. (1898), J/3: 325. 
( 5 i Oantbaine, — . 
Note sur Ie Chrysanthemum Leueanthemum. considere comme specinque 
contre les puces. In Bill. acad. row sci. Bete. (1841), 8 (pt. 2) : 
234. 
• 6 > Collin, Eugene. 
A study of the anatomy of insect flowers. In Pharm. J. (1901 1 . 67 i 4th 
ser.. IS) : 474-6, 503-6, 601-5. 
I 7 l ( Jutler, Manasseh. 
An account of some of the vegetable productions, naturally growing in 
this part of America. Bull. 7, Reproduction Series 4. Lloyd Library 
of Botany. Pharmacy, and Materia Medica, p. 483. Cincinnati. 1903. 
I 8) Dietze, F. 
Znr Werthbestimmung des Insektenpulvers. Pharm. Ztg. ilSOOK ',',: 
196. 
(9) Dragendorff, G. 
Die Heilnflanzen der Verschiedenen Volker und Zeiten, ri 07.". Stutt- 
gart, 1898. 
