20 BULLETIN 284, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
culvert material, $2.68; topsoil purchased, $20; explosives, $5.63; other mate- 
rials, $10.71. The above costs were based upon a labor cost of $1.35, and a 
cost for mules of $1 per day of nine hours. 
GATES County, SUNBURY, N. C. (SECTION 2).—Work was begun on the second 
section, extending from Sunbury southward toward Milldam, on December 2, 
1913, and continued to January 14, 1914, with a loss-of one day on account of 
bad weather and a loss of 12 days due to other causes. The adjacent land is 
level, and the natural soil is a clay from station 0+00 to 1+70; sandy soil from 
1+70 to 3; clay from 3 to 8; sandy soil from 8 to 17+50. A total length of 1,750 
feet was graded 380 and 40 feet wide in cuts and 25 feet wide in fills. Earth 
was excavated to the amount of 550 cubic yards, 300 cubic yards of which were 
excavated from ditches and used on the road. Approximately 2.468 square 
yards of roac were surfaced with 486 cubic yards of topsoil. 
At station 15 a 16-inch corrugated metal culvert 38 feet long was placed and 
at station 15+75 a blind drain 20 feet long was constructed. 
The total cost of the road was $354.19, which is at the rate of $0.144 per 
square yard, exclusive of drainage structures. The principal items of cost 
were as follows: Grading: Clearing and grubbing, $24.89; plowing $6.98: work 
done with drag scrapers, $21.16; dump carts, $23.55; handwork, $3.30; grader 
work, $4.28; digging ditches, $66.20; trimming shoulders, $28.77; superintend- 
ence, $82. Surfacing: Preparing subgrade, $13.56; stripping, $3.82; ioading 
and hauling, $60.94; spreading, $8.45; mixing, $1.67; shaping, $3.76; compacting, 
$3.17; superintendence, $138.50; surfacing materials, $16.60; general expenses, 
$12.05. Drainage structures: Excavation, $1.20; hauling, $1.97; building wall, 
$1.20; placing pipe, $1.17. 'The above costs were based on labor at $1.25 and 
$1.50, and teams including driver at $3, per day of 10 hours. 
DaviDsoN CouNTY, THOMASVILLE, N. C.—Work was begun on a topsoil road 
leading from Thomasville toward Randolph County on July 31, 1918, and com- 
pleted_on September 20, 1913, with a loss of eight days on account of bad 
weather. The adjacent land is rolling, and the natural soil is a yellow clay 
from station 0 to 20, except for rock ledges between station 4+00 and 
4+50; station 10+-50 and 11+25; station 147-75 and 15+25. From station 20 
_ to 23 is gray topsoil, and from station 23 to 25 is a red clay. Scarcity of sand 
was the reason for using tepsoil in the road surface instead of following the 
regular method of sand-clay construction. A total length of 3,500 feet was 
graded 30 feet wide in cuts and 25 feet wide in fills. 
Earth was excavated to the amount of 3,859 cubic yards, and the rock exea- 
vation amounted to 311 cubic yards. The average haul for all excavation was 
375 feet, and the maximum haul 725 feet.. The road was surfaced with topsoil 
15 feet wide for a distance of 1,200 feet, making 2.000 square yards. This re 
quired 444 cubic yards of material, which was hauled an average distance of 
1,000 feet. The topsoil was spread by hand and with a grader. 
Two concrete culverts were replaced and one new concrete culvert was con- 
structed, all of which were provided with stone head walls. 
The equipment consisted of 1 road grader, 4 wheeled scrapers, 8 pan scrapers, 
and 2 road plows. The total cost of the road was $1,199.19, including culverts, 
which is at the rate of $0.60 per square yard. The principal items of cost 
were as follows: Excavation at $0.24 per cubic yard, $882.49; shaping at $0.0444 
per square yard, $185.25; culvert pipe at $0.75 per linear foot, $22.50; labor 
on same, $7.75; loading topsoil at $0.1568 per cubic yard, $18.50; hauling same 
to road at $0.1525 per cubic yard, $18; spreading topsoil at $0.031S per cubic 
yard, $3.75; trimming shoulders, $8.25; shaping topsoil, $4.50; explosives, $32.20; 
general expenses, $16. Labor was paid $1.25 and teams $3 for 10-hour day. 
See 
