18 BULLETIN 284, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
a complete surface on the remaining 1,575 feet, which was through sand. After 
this old sand road was shaped up it was surfaced to a width of 15 feet with 
new clay obtained from the roadside or near-by pits, making an area of 2,625 
square yards. This surfacing was broken up and mixed with the sand under- 
neath by the use of a plow and harrow. Water was used to aid in the mixing. 
The surface was then shaped with a grader, rolled, and dragged. The equip- 
ment-consisted of three Fresno scrapers, plow, sprinkling wagon, disk harrow, 
grading machine, drag, and a horse roller. 
A 20-inch corrugated-iron culvert, 28 feet long, with concrete end walls, was 
taken up and relaid at a cost of $20. 
The cost of excavation with Fresno scrapers was $89.75; trimming shoulders, 
ditches, and cleaning out culvert channels, $9.56; dragging, $3.40; shaping with 
grader, $35.50; general expenses, including foreman, $62.15. The cost of surfac- 
ing was: Placing clay on subgrade, $48.87; plowing and harrowing, $103.44; 
shaping, $14; sprinkling, $24.88; rolling, $23; making a total cost for the work, 
exclusive of drainage structures, of $415.05, which includes $6 for surveying. 
Teams were $2.50 per day without drivers, and laborers $1.50 per day of eight 
hours. 
TOPSOIL ROADS. 
APACHE County, St. JoHNs, Ariz.—Construction work was begun in Apache 
County, Ariz., on the Big Hollow Road, which extends west from St. Johns 
toward Holbrook, on August 28, 19138, and completed January 15, 1914. Two 
days were lost on account of bad weather. The grading work was suspended 
from October 8, 1913, to January 7, 1914, while the culverts and bridges were 
being built. The surrounding country is very hilly. From station 6+00 to 
53+00 the soil is an adobe, very muddy and sticky in wet weather; from sta- 
tion 53-++00 to 61-++15 the soil is gravelly, providing a fair natural road surface. 
The road was graded for a length of 5,515 feet, 20 feet wide in cuts and 16 
feet wide in fills, a total of 9,210 square yards. The volume of earth moved was 
6,280 cubie yards. The maximum cut was 3.2 feet and the maximum fill was 
4.4 feet. The maximum grade was reduced from 10.7 per cent to 6.5 per cent. 
The earth was taken from borrow ditches along the side of the road with plows, 
Fresnos, slips, and grader. 
The road was surfaced from station 7+00 to station 53-+00. From stations 
7 to 33 a subgrade was prepared, and the material, a natural sand-clay mixture, 
combined with a small amount of soft limestone, was spread to a depth of 8 
inches. From stations 33 to 53 the material, which is similar to a loam, was 
spread to a depth of 10 inches at the center and tapered to zero at the edges. 
The width of surfacing material throughout was 8 feet and the crown three- 
fourths inch to the foot. The total area surfaced was 4,090 square yards. 
There were 495 cubic yards of gravel hauled an average of three-fourths mile, 
and the remaining 385 cubic yards were hauled an average of one-fourth mile. 
The gravel was loosened with a rooter plow and loaded by hand into t-yard 
dump wagons. It was dumped from these wagons onto the subgrade and 
spread with a hoe. 
Four drainage structures were built. At station 34-++50 a 60-inch corrugated: 
iron culvert was placed, 24 feet long, with concrete end walls and wings. Ths 
60-inch corrugated pipe cost $6.15 per linear foot delivered at St. Johns, and 
the 48.5 cubic yards of concrete cost $14.78 per cubic yard. The total cost of 
the structure was $864.40. 
At station 40+50 a semicircular corrugated-iron arch bridge, 14-foot span, 
with concrete abutments, parapets, and wings, was erected. The cost of con- 
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