BUD VARIATION IN THE EUREKA LEMON". C> 
few blossoms or fruits. The fruits were usually ridged, rough in 
texture, with very thick peel and very little juice (PL II), in strik- 
ing contrast with the smooth, very juicy, and thin-skinned (PL I) 
lemons borne by most of the trees. The unproductive trees were 
usually much larger than the productive ones, and the foliage was 
characteristically more dense and abundant. For these reasons they 
were commonly called shade trees. 
The differences in tree and fruit cnaractenstics of the two types 
of trees were so distinct and marked that typical trees of each strain 
could be determined at a glance and from a considerable distance. 
A careful individual- tree census of the 16,000 lemon trees in this 
orchard was made during June and July, 1911. As a result, 2,200 
trees, or 14 per cent, were found to have typical characteristics of the 
Shade-Tree strain. Furthermore, the systematic study of the trees 
revealed the presence of other undesirable strains not noticed at first. 
In order to throw some light, if possible, upon the large proportion 
of unproductive trees in this : orchard, an individual- tree census was 
made of the parent orchard frOm which the buds had been procured. 
It was found that in the parent orchard only 5 per cent of the total 
number of trees were of the Shade-Tree strain. The explanation of 
this condition was found to be that the bud cutters found it easier 
to secure bud wood from the vigorous vegetative shade trees than from 
the less vigorous growing productive trees. There were many more 
vegetative branches, then commonly used for propagation, in the 
shade trees than in the productive trees. Consequently, without 
careful individual-tree selection based on performance records, the 
bud cutters naturally secured more bud wood from the shade trees 
than from the productive trees. 
Characteristic differences in the trees of the several strains of the 
Eureka lemon variety were found to exist not only as shown by the 
habit of growth, the amount and the commercial quality of the 
fruits, the density and other characteristics of the foliage, but also 
in the season of production of the fruits, the number and size of thorns, 
the number, size, and shape of the seeds contained in the fruits, the 
structure of the flowers, and the variability of the fruits. 
Tree-census studies in many Eureka lemon orchards have revealed 
the fact that the variety is made up of a number of diverse strains 
arising from the propagation of striking bud variations. This con- 
dition of variability is important commercially, from the fact that 
the production of some of the strains is small and of very inferior 
quality, while other strains bear their crops during the late fall or 
very early spring when low lemon prices are the rule, making the crops 
of inferior value. 
