32 BULLETIN 299, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
OTHER SPECIES. 
Limited measurements on the less important species of ash 
indicate the following points : 
Biltmore ash grows as fast or a little faster in youth than white 
ash on similar sites but is not so long lived. 
Pumpkin ash on "the same site with green ash grows somewhat 
faster, during youth at least, but is not so persistent. Red and 
Oregon ashes grow about the same as green, or a little faster, on 
similar sites. 
Blue ash on upland grows much faster than black ash in its natural 
swamp habitat and nearly as fast as white ash on the same site 
with it. 
PERIODICITY OF GROWTH. 
It has been found in southern Indiana 1 that ash does practically 
all of its growing during the first part of the season — that is, before 
the 1st of July — which is probably true generally of the genus through- 
out its range; the latter half of the season it hardens the wood put on, 
forms tissues, and stores up energy to be used the next season. 
These facts indicate the importance of cultivating planted stands 
during the first part of the season. 
COMPARATIVE RATE OF GROWTH OF ASH AND ITS ASSOCIATES. 
White and green ashes are comparatively rapid growing on favor- 
able sites but very slow on poor sites. On good land white ash may 
be ranked after black cherry, yellow poplar, chestnut, and basswood 
in comparative rate of growth, in the same class with red oak or 
ahead of it (in youth especially), and ahead of white oak, the hick- 
ories, birch, beech, and maple. Green ash on bottom lands in the 
South with sufficient drainage is less rapid growing than cottonwood, 
willow, sycamore, and elm but about the same as red gum and the 
faster-growing red oaks and more rapid than the white oaks, red 
maple, hickories, black gum, and cypress. 
As the prevailing occurrence of black ash is on unfavorable wet 
soils, its growth is slow but no slower than other northern hardwoods 
on similar sites. 
Pumpkin and water ashes also prevailingly occur on very wet soils, 
where their growth is slow but not below the average for associated 
species on that type of land. 
Blue ash grows more slowly than walnut and yellow poplar, as fast 
as the oaks on limestone uplands, and faster than the hickories. 
YIELD OF PURE STANDS OF ASH. 
Although pure stands of ash are very rare, the only way to get an 
adequate idea of possible yields per acre under management is by 
the study of yields per acre of pure stands. 
1 Measurements by Forester Deam, of Indiana, on planted stands of white and green ash. 
