THE ASHES : THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT. 15 
sites in the Coastal and Gulf Plain region down to elevations of less 
than 100 feet above sea level. The chief associates of white ash on 
this type include yellow poplar, red, white, black, pin, and chestnut 
oaks, black and red gum, pignut and shagbark hickory, black walnut, 
and chestnut. White ash is very much outgrown by yellow poplar, 
and often occurs as an overtopped tree in old stands, though in this 
type it reaches its largest size. 
BILTMORE ASH. 
The pubescent form of white ash, known as Biltmore ash, is occa- 
sionally found in the mixed oaks and chestnut type and in the yellow 
poplar type of the southern Appalachians and Central States east of 
the Mississippi River. It is adapted to somewhat drier soil condi- 
tions than white ash, and has a more vigorous growth at the outset. 
In central Tennessee this species sometimes forms from 1 to 5 per 
cent of the merchantable stand of the original forest. 
TEXAN WHITE ASH. 
Texan white ash is adapted to dry hills of central Texas, where it 
occurs with post oak in noncommercial stands. 
GREEN ASH. 
Green ash is primarily a species of southern overflow river bottoms, 
most abundant in those of the Mississippi River and its tributaries 
south of Illinois, also common in other rivers of the Atlantic and 
Gulf Coastal Plains from Virginia to Texas. It has spread itself 
extensively along watercourses all over the upper Mississippi Valley 
north into Manitoba and Saskatchewan and west into Colorado and 
Montana. In the western and northern limits of its occurrence its 
place is sometimes taken by red ash, which is better able to survive 
on upland sites. The bottom land on which it grows is compara- 
tively free from water during most of the growing season at least 
(PL X) ; it does not flourish like tupelo and cypress on land which is 
saturated during most of that period, although poor, suppressed 
specimens of great age are sometimes found on such areas. The char- 
acteristic associates of green ash on drier portions of bottom lands, 
often not subject to overflow, are sweet gum, cottonwood, cow and 
white oaks, sycamore, white elm, and persimmon; and in the inferior 
species are hackberry, red and silver maples, boxelder, slippery elm, 
Kentucky coffeetree, sassafras, dogwood, honey locust, and pawpaw. 
On intermediate bottom lands, often overflowed but dry during most 
of the growing season, green ash is characteristically associated with 
sweet and black gum, cow oak, willow oak, swamp white oak, pecan, 
hickory, red oak, hackberry, red maple, white elm, cork elm, slip- 
pery elm, river birch, willow, mulberry, persimmon, cottonwood, 
cypress, and tupelo gum; also (of lesser importance) honey locust, 
