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24 BULLETIN 33, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
of the fife varieties next largest, with the bearded fife, and durums 
following in the order named. The fife variety White Fife (C. I. 
No. 3319) gave the greatest average volume (2,370 c. c.) to the loaf. 
The volume of the loaf, as well as the texture and other important 
factors, are shown in cross sections of these loaves of bread in Plate I. 
The average volume of loaf of four varieties of fife wheat in 1911 
was 2 per cent greater than that of four varieties of bearded fife 
wheat. In 1913 five varieties of fife wheat gave a loaf volume 7 per 
cent greater than five varieties of bearded fife wheat. An average 
for the two years gives a gain of 4.5 per cent in favor of fife wheat. 
The average yield of straight flour for the two classes of wheat was 
practically the same. | 
WINTER WHEAT. 
Varietal tests with winter wheat were started in the fall of 1912. 
The results of only one year are therefore available. The trial in- 
cluded five varieties. Plantings were made in duplicate, one set being 
planted on fallowed land, the other on corn land with the cornstalks 
left standing. An average yield of 13.5 bushels per acre was obtained 
from the varieties planted on corn land and 4.7 bushels per acre from 
the same varieties planted on fallowed land. The standing corn- 
stalks caught the drifting snow during the winter, which resulted in 
giving a measure of protection to the wheat plants. Stand notes of 
plants per acre taken in the fall shortly after emergence, and again 
in the spring after the surviving plants had made some growth. 
showed an average survival for all varieties on the corn land to be 33 
per cent and on fallowed land 19 per cent. 
The varieties yielded according to their percentage of survival. 
The variety having the greatest survival was North Dakota No. 1997 
(C. I. No. 3084), a bearded variety of the Turkey type. The next 
most hardy variety was Beloglina (C. I. No. 1543), with Kharkof 
(C. I. No. 1583) and Turkey (C. I. No. 1571) following in the order 
named. Turkey wheat, which has been under trial for several years 
at Dickinson, has given indifferent results, the stand in all seasons 
being greatly reduced by winterkilling. Many different cultural 
methods have been used in an attempt to find a method of producing 
a profitable crop of winter wheat. In all cases either total or severe 
winterkilling has resulted. 
It is evident that North Dakota will continue to grow spring 
rather than winter wheat until different cultural methods from any 
now advocated are used or until hardier varieties or strains of winter 
wheat than any yet known are produced. 
OATS. 
The actual acre yields obtained from trials with 38 varieties of 
oats grown at Dickinson from 1907 to 1913 are presented in Table 
