FOOD HABITS OF THRUSHES. 13 
AIT OWES HUTLCOLG 22 Se Beer ee SS LS it (S7EONESUS ee Net TE eee eee he ae Se 1 
Aphodius inquinatus _—________=_____ S| VFL ODOS GNA Se os ee mule 
AMDT OCILS SDs ee ee ee eee S| DESMO TiS CONSUMCHIS= =e 1 
IN GRECO Det eee set a Bis Pie Sa ee ET | E.G OUSIS CLEGL1LS = ae et ee se it 
EC CRWOSCCRIVG, Sl) Ses ee 10 |) Anthonomus sycophanta_____________ 1 
AROGMALG Spo as See eee ee i) ‘Conotrachelus posticatus_ 2. 2 
HLeptura spherieallis _---—— = = GA ALC OLLESH GLO LLS see ee if 
Wepre mutatis. — = ee eae ee ee A COLLES Si) Ste wae Dera Re eee eaeaee 1 
GRUSONELG DULG 4 | Cryptorhynchus ferratus_____________ 1 
Blapstinus metatlicus ____________=- 1 | Sphenophorus melanocephalus ________ al 
ENCLO RSM CONS a ee " 1 
Hormorus wndulatus==- == es se al HEMIPTERA. 
Otiorhynchus ovatus —~~__--_~ eee 1 
Cercopeus chrysorrheus —_ 2) | iipscenes eptendecems = sei — os eee if 
RPandeterejus Mitarisa=- = ee eee CLINE TUVALA Se ee en eae 1 
Vegetable food—A few Rubus seeds were recorded as cultivated 
fruit, but they were found in only two stomachs and probably were 
wild, as the gray-cheeked thrush does not live where it is likely to 
come in contact with cultivated blackberries or raspberries. In 
any case they amount to only 0.15 per cent. Wild fruits of 18 dif- 
ferent species (23.98 per cent) make up nearly one-fourth of the 
whole food—in fact, the vegetable food, other than wild fruit, is 
insignificant. Wild berries supplement the regular food, which con- 
sists of insects and spiders. 
The following list shows the fruits and seeds identified and the 
number of stomachs in which found: 
Or 
| Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) —_ 
Rough-leaved dogwood (Cornus asperi- 
ayy (Olta are ie rah oe = re eae et 
White cornel (Cornus candidissima) ___~ 
Dozwoode (Conus Spo] 2 ee eee 
Sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica) __________ 
Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) —— 
Dockmackie (Viburnum acerifolium) __~ 
Arrowwood (Viburnum sp.) -_-~~----- 
Elderberries (Sambucus canadensis) ~~~ 
TI'ruit not further identified__________ 
False spikenard (Smilacina racemosa) _ 
' Greenbrier berries (Smilag sp.) ------~- 
Bayberries (MVyrica carolinensis) ~__~~ 
Poke berries (Phytolacca decandra) __~ 
Crabzapples2CPRUrUS ssp: pa Sse 
Wild black cherries (Prunus serotina) — 
Blackberries or raspberries (Rubus sp.) — 
Sumae perries: (RhwUs sp:) 2 == 
Black-aider berries (Jlex verticillata) — 
Waldesranes2(V14is-sp-)=—- ee 
Wild sarsaparilla (Aralia sp.) _--_--__ 
Ror e NM OF Me rFN eH 
Dwr e RID He b 
Summary.—tn the food of the gray-cheeked thrush the only 
useful element is a small percentage (2.83) of useful beetles. The 
remainder of the animal food is composed of either harmful or 
neutral elements. The vegetable food, drawn entirely from nature’s 
great storehouse, contains no product of human industry, either of 
grain or fruit. Whatever the sentimental reasons for protecting 
this bird, the economic ones are equally valid. 
OLIVE-BACKED AND RUSSET-BACKED THRUSHES. 
(Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni and Hylocichla ustulata ustulata.) 
The olive-backed thrush and its relative, the russet-backed, occupy 
the whole of the United States at some time during the year. The 
olive-back breeds north of our northern. border, except in the higher 
mountains, and the russet-back on the Pacific coast nests as far 
