FARM PRACTICE IN THE CULTIVATION OF CORN. 
37 
l-horse spike-tooth cultivator. 
Practically all the corn is planted level and mostly in drills 3J 
feet apart, with hills 2 or 3 feet apart in the drill and three or four 
stalks per hill. Chiefly the yellow flint varieties of corn are grown. 
After planting, either a spike-tooth harrow or weeder is frequently 
used for the first cultivation. The l-horse spike-tooth (fig. 29) and 
the l-horse 5-shovel cultivators 
are extensively used. The 2-horse 
8-shovel and 6-shovel cultivators 
are also considerably used. 
A special 2-horse cultivator, 
equipped with sharp scrapers or 
knives for cutting the weeds and 
stirring the surface of the soil, is 
largely used (fig. 30). This cul- 
tivator was designed for culti- 
vating tobacco, and the knives are so adjusted that they will extend 
under the leaves and cultivate near the stalk without breaking or 
bruising the leaves. As shown in Table XVII there is little uni- 
formity in the cultivation methods in this section. 
Practically no cover crops are grown, and the supply of organic 
matter is largely main- 
tained by stable manure 
secured from the cities. 
Immense quantities of 
commercial fertilizers are 
used for corn and to- 
bacco, and about 15 tons 
of stable manure per acre 
are applied to the tobacco 
land every other year. 
Very little stable manure 
is applied to the corn 
land, however. 
The most prevalent weeds are ragweed, chickweed, pigweed, smart- 
weed, wild carrot, and barnyard grass. 
Fig. 30. — A 2-horse cultivator with scraper instead 
of shovels, used in cornfields in Hartford County, 
Conn., and in the potato sections of New Jersey. 
SURVEYS IN BRADFORD COUNTY, PA. 
The tillage records for Bradford County, Pa. (Table XVIII), 
were taken near Towanda, in the Volusia silt-loam area, which covers 
a large part of northern Pennsylvania, northeastern Ohio, and south- 
ern New York. The soils of this region are naturally divided into 
two main groups, upland or hill soils and the bottom-land soils. The 
hill or upland soils are extremely rough and rolling and are not 
usually very productive. The bottom-land soils are level and very 
fertile. 
