10 BULLETIN 46, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
has been encountered in the State, and this only to a very small 
extent. 
Paris series. — The soils of the Paris series are dark gray to dark 
brown and are usually rich in organic matter. The clay subsoils are 
brownish to reddish brown. Drainage is well established. These 
soils are developed on nearly flat table-land areas in coves. They 
are well suited to general farm crops, such as corn and grain. The 
loam is the only type which has been encountered in the State, and 
this only to a very small extent. 
Chandler series. — The Chandler series consists of grayish-brown 
to light -brown soils and yellow to reddish-yellow subsoils, the latter 
having a greasy feel. The types of this series are developed typically 
in the southern Appalachian Mountains and have been encountered 
to only a small extent in Virginia. They are derived from meta- 
morphic rocks, chiefly micaceous schists. Large areas of the series are 
rough in topography and stony. These soils are best suited to pastur- 
age and forestry. They are similar in many respects to the Talladega 
soils, differing principally in the yellow color of their subsoils. 
The loam is the only type that has been mapped, and this is of no 
importance for agriculture. 
DESCRIPTION AND USE OF THE SOILS OF THE COASTAL PLAINS 
PROVINCE. 
Norfolk series. — The Norfolk soils are characterized by the light- 
gray to grayish-yellow color of the surface soils and the yellow color 
and friable structure of the subsoils. They occupy nearly level to 
rolling uplands throughout the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, and 
have been derived mainly from Piedmont-Appalachian material. 
The sandy members predominate. These soils are usually deficient 
in organic matter, which should be added in liberal quantities in an 
intensive system of agriculture in order to maintain them in their 
best condition. The members of this series are variously adapted to 
early, medium, and late truck crops, and. together with the Ports- 
mouth series, constitute the great truck soils of the coast country. It 
is estimated that on about 30.000 acres, or considerably less than 2 
per cent of the Norfolk series, there are produced, under intensive 
methods, early truck crops to the value of $10,000,000: on about 3 
per cent, sweet and Irish potatoes to the value of $8.500.000 : and on 
5 per cent, principally in ten of the southeast counties of the State, 
peanuts to the value of £±.500.000. The remaining 90 per cent of the 
area of these soils is lying idle or is used for general farming, to which 
they are not adapted. 
Under similar conditions of climate and exposure the sand is the 
earliest soil in maturing crops of light yield and is used particularly 
