U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
ing is represented by intensive dairying, where the cattle are kept 
inclosed most of the time and fed. It is a fine grain soil, but is better 
for red clover, orchard grass, and other hay grasses than for pasture 
grasses. It is also well adapted to cowpeas and to fall and winter 
apples of the general class of the Winesap, and produces a heavy leaf 
tobacco for plug fillers and for the export trade. 
Louisa series. — The soils of this series are gray to light gray and 
the subsoils red. The material is derived from talcose and mica- 
ceous schists and imperfectly crystalline slates. The structure is un- 
favorable to the maintenance of good tilth, and the soils have a 
tendency to bake and check on drying. The members of this series 
are less productive than the corresponding types of the Cecil series. 
They can, however, be improved, especially by fall plowing, the 
growing of legumes and winter cover crops, liming, and the incor- 
poration of organic matter. They are best suited to general farm 
crops, such as corn, grain, forage crops, and cotton. 
The loam is best suited to wheat, corn, oats, and tobacco. The 
yields of these crops are much smaller than upon the Cecil soils. 
The tobacco is a heavy type. Clover catches poorly, but by liming 
and drainage a good stand may be secured. The fine sandy loam 
produces a fine-textured tobacco on the light and deeper phases, 
while the heavier-bodied tobacco is secured from the areas where 
the clay subsoil comes near the surface. Wheat, corn, and hay under 
ordinary conditions give low yields, but these can be improved. 
Clover may be grown on this type. 
Chester series. — The Chester series occurs in the northern part of 
the Piedmont Plateau, having been mapped only in Pennsylvania, 
Maryland, and Virginia. The types in this series differ from those 
of the Cecil series in having yellow or only slightly reddish-yellow 
subsoils and gray or brown surface soils, the latter being, on the 
whole, lighter and more friable than the Cecil. The members of this 
series are prevailingly more micaceous than the Cecil soils. Locally 
they are known as " gray lands " to distinguish them from the " red 
lands " of the Cecil series. The topography in general is not so rough 
as over Cecil areas, being rolling to moderately hilly. The soils, 
which are of residual origin, are derived from igneous and metamor- 
phic rocks, principally gneiss, schist, and granite. Weathering has 
not reached to such great depths as in the case of the Cecil series, the 
underlying rock often being encountered within 2 feet of the surface 
on eroded slopes. The soils are adapted to general farm crops, es- 
pecially corn, and also to fruit and canning crops. Of the latter, 
tomatoes and sugar corn are the most important. 
The loam is well suited to corn, oats, wheat, grass, clover, apples, 
and pears. It is one of the best corn soils in the Leesburg section. 
Grass and clover yield well and furnish good grazing during a con- 
