ECONOMICAL USE OF FUEL IN CREAMERIES. 7 
LOCATION OF SETTING. 
In placing the boiler it is very important to leave ample space 
between the sides and ends of the setting and the walls of the room 
in order that expansion, contraction, or the possible settling of the 
foundations may not affect the building, and' to allow room for 
inspection, painting, and repairs. In order to- avoid long lengths 
of pipe the boiler should be placed as near the engine as possible, 
but it is not advisable to have both in the same room, as the dust 
from the coal and ashes will get into and injure the engine bearings. 
FOUNDATIONS. 
The foundation of a boiler setting should receive careful consider- 
ation, for upon it depends to a great extent the structural strength 
of the setting. Should the foundation settle it is very probable that 
the setting will crack. On account of the great variation in the 
character of the soil it is not practicable to set a standard of propor- 
tions for foundations; consequently in planning the foundation it 
becomes to a great extent a matter of judgment as to its depth and 
area. It is far better, however, to be on the safe side and have it 
too strong than too weak. 
In determining the proportions for foundations the weight or 
load to be sustained and the bearing value of the soil are the prin- 
cipal factors to be considered. The weight of the boiler can be 
obtained from the manufacturer, and the weight of water that the 
boiler will contain in normal working condition is about two-thirds 
of the weight of the boiler. By doubling the shipping weight of the 
boiler a safe approximation of its weight under working conditions 
will be obtained. 
The weight of the masonry will average about 115 pounds per 
cubic foot, which should be added to the weight of the boiler and 
contained water to get the total weight per square foot of surface to 
be sustained by the soil. 
The foundation should be so proportioned as. to distribute the 
weight over a surface so great that the bearing values will not exceed 
a safe load for the particular soil in question, and to provide a 
suitable table to take the load. The foundation may be of concrete, 
brick, or stone. When of concrete the mixture should be in the 
proportion of 1 part Portland cement to 3 parts clean, sharp sand 
and 5 parts broken stone or clean, coarse gravel, all to be thoroughly 
mixed and well tamped into place. When of brick, only the best 
hard brick should be used, laid in Portland-cement mortar with the 
joints entirely filled. The bottom course should be laid in a bed of 
cement mortar. 
