ECONOMICAL USE OF FUEL IK CREAMERIES. 
DEFECTS NOTED. 
It is impossible to operate a creamery with any degree of economy 
if the equipment is not in good order. Some of the creameries had 
new engines and boilers and were keeping them in fairly good condi- 
tion, but in by far the greater number the equipment was in very bad 
condition. For example, in one plant all the water leaked out of the 
boiler overnight, while in another the water level in the boiler was 
lowered 30 inches overnight by leakage. Most of the boiler settings 
were poorly designed and built. In most cases the side walls were 
only about 13 inches thick, and the result was that the. settings were 
to /£ 20 25 
AVERAGE ENGINE ANP BO/LER HORSE- 
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Fig. 2. — Curves showing variation in size of en- 
gines and boilers in creameries of different 
capacities. 
Fig. 3. — Curves showing average num- 
ber of hours boilers are fired in 
creameries of different capacities. 
full of cracks. In many cases the fire doors, ash-pit doors, and clean- 
out doors were warped and broken, as were the boiler fronts, and the 
return-tubular boilers were practically all set too low over the grates. 
The breechings in many instances were not tight, were too small, and 
often had right- angle bends. In more than one instance the breeching 
where it entered the stack was lower than the first bend above the 
boiler. 
One of the greatest losses in fuel was caused by careless firing. 
The boiler in most cases was fired by the buttermaker or one of his 
assistants, and in order to lose as little time as possible from other 
work the fire box was filled with coal and left for from a half to 
