JUDGING THE DAIRY COW IN SCHOOLS. 
11 
Neck. — The necks of the cow and the bull are radically different. 
That of the cow should be of medium length, slender, free from flesh 
and loose skin; it should be small at the junction with the head and 
should join the shoulders smoothly. The neck of the bull should be 
of medium length, small at the head and swelling into a prominent 
crest. The crest in the bull indicates masculinity and should be both 
high and broad. 
Forequarters. — Withers : The withers should be sharp, the ends of 
the shoulder blades fitting close to the spinal processes and ending- 
some distance below the top of them. This junction should be so 
Fig. 7. — A good type of dairy bull. 
smooth as to form a straight line from the top of the spinal processes 
down the shoulder blade to its junction with the foreleg. 
Body — Capacity. — Back : It is very important that there be great 
strength in this region, as the back supports the weight of the 
abdomen or barrel. 
Ribs: Flat ribs are found to be associated with the wedge-shaped, 
lean appearance of the dairy animal as compared with the round ribs 
of the beef animal. 
Barrel: The barrel, in both the male and the female, should be 
broad, deep, and full and well held up with well-sprung ribs. The 
barrel contains the stomach, liver, and intestines, the chief organs 
of digestion. A good-sized barrel indicates large capacity for digest- 
