JUDGING THE DAIRY COW IN SCHOOLS. 13 
Pin bones: These bones are the parts of the pelvis which are 
located on each side of the tail. They should be prominent, widely 
spaced, and on a level with the hips. Low-placed pin bones are the 
cause of a sloping rump. 
Thighs : The inner surface of the thighs should be thin and curved 
out so as to give ample room for the udder. Beefy, thick thighs are 
an objection, as they do not indicate specialization in the milk- 
producing function and do not give room for a broad udder. 
Tail: The tail should be level in its attachment to the spinal 
column, small at this junction, and the bone should extend to the 
hocks: it should be thin throughout, and the switch long and fine. 
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Fig. 9. — A well-developed udder. 
Escutcheon : The escutcheon or " milk mirror " is the region above 
the udder between the thighs where the hair grows in a different di- 
rection. 
Hind legs: The legs should be evenly and squarely placed on the 
body. The bones of the legs should be clean and close in texture. The 
joints should be ample in size to form leverages for the actions of 
the muscles, but they should be free from growths of any nature, 
either fleshy or cartilaginous. When the hocks are set farther back 
than the rear of the body they are described as sickle hocks. 
The mammary system. — The mammary system is composed of the 
udder, teats, mammary or milk veins, and wells. 
The udder: The udder should be large, wide, and have a long at- 
tachment to the body of the cow (fig. 9). In shape it should be 
