JUDGING THE DAIRY COW IN SCHOOLS. 
15 
the safer way is to have the cow milked dry and thus judge the char- 
acter of the udder. 
Teats: The teats should be of convenient size for milking, and 
should be evenly and squarely placed at the center of each quarter, so 
that the bottom will be in a horizontal plane and the distance equal 
between teats. They should be free from bunches either internal 
or external, and the sphincter muscles at the bottom of the teats 
should be rigid enough to prevent the leaking of milk but not stiff 
enough to cause difficult milking. 
Mammary or milk veins and wells: The mammary veins are lo- 
cated on each side of the belly, extending from the udder forward 
Fig. 11. — Udder attached well forward and well up behind and free from fleshiness. 
toward the shoulders. They should be large, long, branching, and 
tortuous and should enter the abdomen well toward the shoulders. 
After that portion of the blood required for milk production is 
taken away the remaining portion returns to the heart through these 
veins. A large vein indicates that a great amount of blood is being 
returned to the heart and that consequently a large quantity of blood 
passed into the udder and was available for producing milk. In 
the heaviest milkers these veins are very crooked and often branch- 
ing. In some cases they enter the abdomen through several openings 
on each side. The milk well, or the opening through which the vein 
enters the abdomen, should be large and well forward. (Fig. 12.) 
