48 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULLETIN NO. 484. 
With the faster growing species, like white ash, basswood, and red 
oak, a rotation of 70 years may be used, but 100 years are needed for 
the slower growing hardwoods. Considering the species which 
must be favored if the object is gipsy-moth control. a rotation of 100 
years would be necessary. 
Planting.—In the northern hardwoods region, of which this stand 
is typical, the greater part of the woodland must be kept growing 
hardwoods for many years to come. Where intensive methods are 
possible, the more poorly stocked areas may be changed from hard- 
wood to coniferous stands. 
The desirability of this change from the standpoint of gipsy-moth 
control will, depend in each case upon the composition of the actual 
stand under consideration. 
The change can be made best by planting, which it is helteved has 
already been sufficiently considered in the discussion of other stands. 
In view of its freedom from attack by the white-pine blister rust 
it is desired to emphasize the increased importance of red, or Nor- 
way pine for planting in the region infested with the gipsy moth. 
CONCLUSIONS. 
No single rule or simple formula can be given by which to secure 
in woodlands the control of the gipsy moth by forest management. 
Each lot and each combination of species presents a problem in 
which the controlling factors are site, soil, location, market, species 
present, their value and relative proportion, the degree of infestation, 
and the cost of labor. 
In many cases these factors combine in such a way that manage- 
ment is economically impossible. 
It is believed that the suggestions contained herein have been 
made so definite that a careful reading will enable any owner or other 
person interested in the problem to discriminate between results 
which may and those which may not reasonably be expected under 
certain conditions, which have been selected because typical of those 
on large areas siden the infested region. 
While we are waiting for definite results from the various experi- 
ments now in progress, some of which have been referred to in the 
preceding pages, it is well for foresters and entomologists squarely to 
face the fact that the possible field of forest management as a method 
of controlling the gipsy moth is strictly limited. 
Even in the mixed hardwoods type, where success may in some 
cases reasonably be expected, the cost will often be prohibitive. 
In other forest types, and in the other forest regions within the 
area now infested by the gipsy moth, general control by forest man- 
agement may or may not prove to be an economic possibility. 
