36 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULLETIN NO. 484. 
sizes as the owner requires and the balance put into cordwood. Owing. 
to the care required to avoid damage to young growth, the cost of 
cutting will be high, perhaps $40 per acre. The cost of necessary 
planting (400 trees per acre) will average $6 per acre. The three 
cleanings will require 8 to 10 hours’ labor of one man per acre. The 
result will be a pure stand of young pine on good soil, which, if fires 
are excluded, should grow more rapidly and yield a greater quantity 
of wood of higher value than the stand which it replaced, and which 
in addition will be secure against gipsy-moth attack. 
Successive cuttings——If the plan is adopted of gradually convert- 
ing the stand from hardwoods to pine, two cuttings should be made. 
The first cutting, to be made at once, should remove all dead, dying, 
defective, and suppressed trees. As the gipsy moth is not present in 
large numbers, the heavy cutting of Class I trees (most favored food 
of the caterpillar) isnot as important as in stands already considered, 
but since there are almost no other trees present except pines, the 
cutting above described amounts in this instance to practically the 
same thing as recommending the cutting of Class I trees of the species 
found on this lot. The object should be to cut as heavily as is pos- 
sible without exposing the ground too much and to release all pines 
in danger of suppression. 
The hardwoods left should be as far as possible thrifty individuals 
of seedling origin. All pines likely to make good trees should also 
be left. About 50 or 60 per cent of the total number of trees present 
should be removed. 
The areas insufficiently stocked should be planted at once with 
some moth-resistant conifer. The soil is not suitable for any of the 
resistant hardwoods. Red or white pine or a mixture of both may 
be used, as on the lots previously considered, with entire confidence. 
Owing to the young growth of white pine already present, an average 
of 400 plants per acre for the whole lot will be sufficient. 
Cleanings, about three in all, will be necessary every two years, as 
in the case of one cutting. These will meet all silvicultural require- 
ments. 
_ The second cutting should be made just as soon as the trees planted 
are established and have gained a decisive lead over the sprouts from 
stumps of trees cut. This would be not less than five years after the 
first cutting. If it were delayed five years longer the planted trees 
would probably be secure against being overtopped by sprouts from 
the second cutting. If cut after the first five years a cleaning in 
the second and another in the fourth year would probably be neces- 
sary. 
The second cutting should remove all remaining hardwoods, leay- 
ing only conifers. If at that time a market or use exists for a small 
amount of low-grade white and pitch pine, those in the original 
